Safety records

Nuclear power has achieved an excellent safety record. Exceptions are the accidents at Three Mile Island in 1979 and at Chernobyl in 1986. In the United States, safety can be attributed in part to the strict regulation provided by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, which reviews proposed reactor designs, processes appHcations forUcenses to constmct and operate plants, and provides surveillance of all safety-related activities of a utiUty. The utiUties seek continued improvement in capabiUty, use procedures extensively, and analy2e any plant incidents for their root causes. Similar programs intended to ensure reactor safety are in place in other countries. 

The safety record for transport of radioactive materials including spent fuel and wastes is excellent. Information about transportation of radioactive materials including waste is managed by DOE. Codes such as RADTRAN that can calculate pubHc radiation dose owing to the passage of shipments have been developed. The maximum dosage from such shipments is a very small fraction of the typical annual radiation dose from all other sources. 

Safety provisions have proven highly effective. The nuclear power industry in the Western world, ie, outside of the former Soviet Union, has made a significant contribution of electricity generation, while surpassing the safety record of any other principal industry. In addition, the environmental record has been outstanding. Nuclear power plants produce no combustion products such as sulfuric and nitrous oxides or carbon dioxide (qv), which are... 

The NRC safety goal can be evaluated by comparison to the risks from accidents incurred from other human activities (Eig. 2) (29). The safety goal and the safety record of the nuclear power industry indicate much lower societal risks from commercial nuclear power than from a wide range of other common human activities. 

If possible comparisons are focused on energy systems, nuclear power safety is also estimated to be superior to all electricity generation methods except for natural gas (30). Figure 3 is a plot of that comparison in terms of estimated total deaths to workers and the pubHc and includes deaths associated with secondary processes in the entire fuel cycle. The poorer safety record of the alternatives to nuclear power can be attributed to fataUties in transportation, where comparatively enormous amounts of fossil fuel transport are involved. Continuous or daily refueling of fossil fuel plants is required as compared to refueling a nuclear plant from a few tmckloads only once over a period of one to two years. This disadvantage appHes to solar and wind as well because of the necessary assumption that their backup power in periods of no or Httie wind or sun is from fossil-fuel generation. Now death or serious injury has resulted from radiation exposure from commercial nuclear power plants in the United States (31). 

Although the electrolytic process industries are confronted with a wide range of ha2ards, their safety record has been excellent. The U.S. Bureau of Labor has reported lost work days (injuries and illnesses) per 100 hill-time workers for the year 1990 (140). 

Safety records for both the organization considering the establishment of guidelines, and the chemical industiy in general... 

O Do health and safety records indicate a high incidence of respiratory... 

After many years of improvements in technical safety methods and process design, many orgaruzations have found that accident rates, process plant losses and profitability have reached a plateau beyond which further improvements seem impossible to achieve. Another finding is that even in orgarriza-tions with good general safety records, occasional large scale disasters occur which shake public confidence in the chemical process industry. The common... 

This report is by Battelle Columbus Division to the Line Pipe Research Supervisory Committee of the American Gas Association. It presents an analysis of statistical data obtained from reports of lea)c or rupture (service) incidents and test failures in natural gas transmission and gathering lines over the 14.5 year period from 1970 through June, 1984. All gas transmission companies were required to notify the Office of Pipeline Safety Operations in the event of a "reportable" incident, as defined by the Code of Federal Regulations. The purpose of the study is to organize the reportable incident data into a meaningful format from which the safety record of the industry can be assessed. 

Committed to research and development Advanced in use of computers and computer controls Over 50% of the products are based on petroleum Best employee safety record among all major industries Criticized for many environmental problems... 

It is sincerely hoped that the information presented in this document will lead to an even more impressive safety record for the entire industry however, the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, its consultants, CCPS subcommittee members, their employers, their employers officers and directors, and EQE International disclaim making or giving any warranties or representations, express or implied, including with respect to fitness, intended purpose, use or merchantability and/or correctness or accuracy of the content of the information presented in this document. As between (I) the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, its consultants, CCPS subcommittee members, their employers, their employers officers and directors, and EQE International and (2) the user of this document, the user accepts any legal liability or responsibility whatsoever for the consequence of its use or misuse. 

The belief that risks from reactor accident are small is based on the past safety record of nuclear reactors, results of on-going probabilistic risk analyses, indicators of improvement in reactor performance, and the prospect of still greater safety in a next generation of nuclear reactors. 

The past safety record of nuclear reactors, other than the Soviet Chernobyl-type RBMK reactors, is excellent Excluding RBMK reactors, there had been about 9000 reactor-years of operation in the world by the end of 1999, including about 2450 in the United States.1 In this time there was only one accident involving damage to the reactor core, the 1979 Three Mile Island accident, and even at TMI there was very little release of radionuclides to the outside environment. 

As the industry improves on this outstanding production and reliability record, it continues to improve its safety record as well. For example, in 1998 the average number of significant events per unit—an important indicator of safe operation—improved to point zero four (0.04), a sharp decrease from 2.5 in 1985. 

Adverse effects of IV iron include allergic reactions, hypotension, dizziness, dyspnea, headaches, lower back pain, arthralgia, syncope, and arthritis. Some of these reactions can be minimized by decreasing the dose or rate of infusion. Sodium ferric gluconate and iron sucrose have better safety records than iron dextran. Iron dextran requires a test dose to reduce the risk of anaphylactic reactions. 

SUMMARY. The safety record associated with the use of APE operated remotely or within operational shields is excellent. Operational shields that are properly designed, fabricated, and tested do provide operators with adequate protection, and ensures their safety during hazardous operations. 

Moreover, several internal, external, and corporate audits showed and confirmed the positive picture indicating that the safety management system at the gas plant was performing above average. Nevertheless, despite Longford s excellent safety record on September 25th, 1998 the tragic accident occurred. 

The number on the outside of the case is required to be numeric or alphanumeric, not the name of the patient. Patient names are not permitted to be publicly disclosed in the context of a MedWatch report according to 21 CFR 21.63(f). The initial report is the first reported information received by the company about an individual s adverse drug experience. There must be a prompt attempt to obtain follow-up information about each initial report. The attempt(s) are made according to the company s written procedures. If the written safety procedures are not followed, the safety reports are not appropriately submitted, or the safety records are not appropriately kept, FDA has the authority under Section 80 of Part 315 to withdraw the market NDA. The follow-up report is the format for submitting additional information about an experience. Each case regards only one individual unless the experience is both temporally and clinically unrelated to a second event experienced by the same person taking the same drug product. 

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