Water quality surveillance

Review of Trends in Lake Erie Water Quality with Emphasis on the 1978-1979 Intensive Survey Rathte, D.E. Edwards, C.J., Eds. Report to the Surveillance Work Group, Great Lakes Water Quality Board, International Joint Commission, Windsor, Ontario, 1985, 129p. 

Great Lakes Water Quality Board. 1989. Report on the Great Lakes water quality Appendix B-Great Lake surveillance, Vol 1, 2.3-9-2.3-11. 

The existence of a guideline or standard achieves nothing unless it is enforced. This situation implies a need for monitoring and surveillance activities. It is of prime importance that every effort be made to ensure that water quality guidelines are met and that water quality is maintained throughout the distribution system. 

Probably the most complete study of river water quality w as completed by the U.S. Geological Survey, released in early 1987 and periodically updated. The initial survey was coordinated by Smith and Alexander (USGS) and Wolman (The Johns Hopkins University), including water quality records from two nationwide sampling networks. The network included over 300 locations on the major nvers of the United States. Twenty-four water quality parameters are measured. Originally, the two networks were comprised of (1) the National Stream Quality Accounting Network (NaSQUaN) and (2) the National Water Quality Surveillance System (NWQSS). Locations of stations are shown on the map in Fig. 1. The measured water-quality indicators include ... 

The National Stream Quality Accounting Network (NASQAN). indicated by solid black dots in map and (2) the National Water Quality Surveillance System (NWQSS), indicated by open black circles on map. Shown in outline are regional drainage basins. Abbreviations used for these basins are ... 

Lammering, M. "Impact of Schwartzwalder Mine on the Water Quality of Ralston Creek, Ralston Reservoir, and Upper Long Lake", Technical Investigation Branch, Surveillance and Analysis Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region VIII, SA/TIB-25, 1973, 16 p. 

Laboratory-based methods have been developed for field-measurement of the main water quality parameters, and their use can be standardized. They are generally based on the same principles as the equivalent laboratory based methods (e.g. oxidation, colorimetry, photometry) but use simplified procedures in order to overcome the constraints of working in the field. Currently there are numerous commercially available devices for online and on-site use, and these provide efficient tools for surveillance, operational and investigative monitoring in the frame of WFD. These techniques are suitable for such applications as incident detection in water treatment plants, detection of accidental pollution, and measurement of spatial and temporal variation in water... 

The adoption of the European Union Water Framework Directive (WFD) has set new requirements for water quality monitoring in Europe. Innovative tools could play a main role in the design and implementation of operational, surveillance and investigative monitoring as described by WFD. Moreover, the monitoring requirements for successfully implementing the WFD will directly depend upon available measurement techniques of demonstrated quality, which will be able to deliver reliable data at an affordable cost. 

General water quality control - the objective of this network is the control of the general quality and surveillance of the quality of the potentially contaminated sections. It measures 40 physical-chemical parameters, divided into four groups. Some of these parameters belong to the list of priority substances of Article 16 of the Water Framework Directive. Sampling frequency depends on the kind of station and the parameter to analyse. A total of almost 700 stations compose the general water quality control in Spain. 

The basic requirements for surveillance and operational monitoring network design are specified in the Ordinance on Water Quality Monitoring. They cover all main aspects of the monitoring cycle, i.e. the establishment of sites, the consideration of the conceptual model, parameter selection, duration and frequency of monitoring, methods for sampling and analyses, quality assurance, data management and publication of results. 

The Main Groundwater Body (or Transfer Zone) For strategic surveillance monitoring, to assess general groundwater body chemical status and trends in water quality. 

Additional corrosion racks were provided to the CRP participants in March 1998 at the second RCM. Most of these racks had been immersed in the individual basins by mid-1998. The surveillance racks were monitored visually for corrosion, and when corrosion was detected, the coupons were removed from the water and analysed. As found in earlier testing, water quality proved to be the key to good performance. Crevice corrosion was seen between most of the crevice couples as expected, because the pH was lower by 0.5-1.0 unit in the crevice. In poorer quality water, further corrosion was observed, espedally between bimetallic crevice coupons, to the extent that coupons had to be forced apart. The results of the individual participating laboratories were presented at the third and final RCM, held in Bangkok, Thailand, in October 2000. 

In the interim period before the new deionization equipment for the L and K basins was received, portable equipment was installed in July 1995 and used to lower the L basin water conductivity from 110 to below 8 pS/cm in 2.5 months. The equipment was then moved to the K basin, and within three months the conductivity was lowered to below 10 pS/cm. Continued deionization in both basins for two more months lowered the conductivity further, to less than 3 pS/cm, and the chlorides, nitrates and sulphates were lowered to about 0.5 ppm. The corrosion surveillance programme continued in the three reactor basins and in the RBOF while the basin and water quality improvements were being carried out, i.e. until mid-1996. Results of the component immersion tests through September 1997 (the last withdrawal) showed no pitting corrosion on any of the corrosion coupons. These coupons were exposed to a variety of conditions for 37-49 months as conditions improved in the basins. Table 1.1 presents a summary of component immersion tests for the period 1992-2000, when corrosion coupons accumulated exposure time in extremely high quahty water and withdrawal intervals were extended. 

Rathke DE, McRae G (1989) 1987 report on Great Lakes water quality Appendix B -Great Lakes Surveillance (Vol. II). Int Joint Comm, Windsor, Ontario, Canada, 209 pp. 

International experience indicates that aluminium cladded spent fuel may be kept underwater over 50 years in pristine condition, provided that high water quality, proper environmental conditions and a good surveillance programme are maintained. On the other hand, aluminium cladded fuel degrades almost immediately when immersed in poor quality water or suboptimal environmental conditions. 

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