Surveillance surveys

Biology and Control ofMedes aegypti, Hector Topics No. 4 and Dengue Surveillance Survey No. 9, U.S. PubHc Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Adanta, Ga., 1979 and 1983. 

Ringwood) in New Jersey were studied during two summers and winters between 1981 and 1983 (Lioy et al. 1987). Each site was sampled every 24 hours for 39 consecutive days. The geometric mean nickel concentrations were 8.0-34.0, 5.0-28.0, 10.0-27.0, and 5.0-13.0 ng/m for Camden, Elizabeth, Newark, and Ringwood, respectively. The nickel levels measured in the industrial urban areas may be compared to the arithmetic mean values reported in the National Air Surveillance survey (9.6-11.0 ng/m ) for 1977-1979 (Evans et al. 1984). Summer and winter maxima in the three urban areas ranged from 24.0 to 39.0 and from 81.0 to 112.0 ng/m, respectively, and 22.0 and 32.0 ngM, respectively, for Ringwood. 

The terms inter-laboratory quality control, laboratory proficiency testing, or external surveillance surveys are commonly given to tiie evaluation of the interlaboratory v iation tiiat is expected when the stime delay that dsts between tiie actual laboratory analysis of the sexternal quality assessment is more propriate. 

The actual concentrations of any substance migrating from the packaging into each and every foodstuff are uncertain. In order to evaluate the exposure to any substance, it is necessary to determine the amount of each and every foodstuff consumed, which may have been in contact with the substance, and the concentration of the substance in each and every foodstuff consumed. Surveillance surveys do not measure the concentration of a substance in every foodstuff, but are typically more targeted towards those foodstuffs in which the substance(s) being surveyed are considered to have their highest levels. 

Food surveillance surveys give concentration values in either p,g/kg (ppb) or mg/kg (ppm). However, concentration data derived using simulants normally give results in pg/dm or mg/dm, therefore in order to relate these values to concentrations in foodstuffs it is necessary to know the actual surface to... 

Table 85.1 National IDD surveillance survey results by key indicators...

The National IDD Epidemiological Surveillance Survey was initially plarmed to be cattied out every two years, but was later extended to every three years. The Chinese National Research Centre for Endemic Diseases Control in Harbin has played a leading role in planning, data collection and analysis for surveys, and information dissemination. 

Other than the national surveillance surveys, the quafity of iodized salt at point of manufacmre, and at wholesale, retail and household levels is routinely monitored by pub-hc health workers in 31 provinces/autonomous regions. In 2005, about 85% of the counties in China actively participated in the iodized salt monitoring scheme (Chen, 2006a). 

Table 85.2 Iodized salt quality from national surveillance surveys...

Measures to control IDD in Tibet were first undertaken by public health authorities in the 1970s. Since 1990 iodized salt and lOCs were employed intermittently on a small scale, with beneficial, but very limited results. The results of the 1997 National IDD Surveillance Survey from the TAR revealed that the household Qualified Iodized Salt Coverage Rate was only 6.2%, and that 29% of school-children had palpable goiter, while the median urinary iodine level of school-aged children was 55 J.g/l. 

Table 2.14, Economic Costs of Drug Abuse in the United States 1992-2002, deaths from drug use, injecting drug users with AIDS, drug-related emergency room visits, tuberculosis among injecting drug users. Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance Survey, school drop-out rate...

Center for Disease Control, 2005. Youth risk behavior surveillance survey. http //www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/yrbs/about yrbss.htm. 

Review of Trends in Lake Erie Water Quality with Emphasis on the 1978-1979 Intensive Survey Rathte, D.E. Edwards, C.J., Eds. Report to the Surveillance Work Group, Great Lakes Water Quality Board, International Joint Commission, Windsor, Ontario, 1985, 129p. 

There is a large reservoir of NoV in the commimity, as evidenced by surveys of community acquired and sporadic cases of gastroenteritis (Buesa et ah, 2002 Haustein et ah, 2009 Karsten et ah, 2009 Lindell et ah, 2005). Syndromic surveillance of vomiting reports also indicates that the presence of NoV infections is constantly fluctuating in different areas (Cooper et ah, 2008). This widespread reservoir means that NoVs are continually introduced into hospital settings where they can spread rapidly despite efforts to interrupt transmission (Cunliffe et al., 2010 Koopmans, 2009 Sommer et ah, 2009). Preventing the introduction of this widespread pathogen is nearly impossible (Koopmans, 2009 Yee et ah, 2007). 

The MHLW recognizes the official analytical methods for inspection and survey of MRLs for crops in the market 112 residue analytical methods have already been established and authorized. MHLW also approves the use of the original analytical methods for the official surveillance by which methods local governments analyze residues as they inspect local commercial farm commodities. In such a case, the reliability of the original analytical methods should be guaranteed as being equivalent to that of the official analytical methods. 

In a report from the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program, pediatric nurses have reported a much higher frequency of complications from IM injections than that observed in the adult population. Twenty-three percent of pediatric nurses surveyed had observed complications (local pain, abscess, hematoma) versus a rate of 0.4% reported in adult patients [86]. Serious complications, such as paralysis from infiltration of the sciatic nerve, quadriceps myofibrosis, and accidental intra-arterial injection, are usually the... 

NIOSH. 1977j. National occupational hazard survey. Vol. Ill Survey analysis and supplemental tables. Cincinnati, OH U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies. DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 78-114, 346. 

The yellow flame of traditional oil burners is often surveyed by flame guards that react on the visible emission. More modern oil heaters use blue-burning flames. There, the carbon black of the combustion process is redirected to the combustion area for a more complete combustion, thus giving higher efficiency. With the reduced carbon black their yellow emission in the visible also vanishes, leaving an almost invisible flame, see Fig. 5.44. For these blue flames surveillance based on UV emission is preferable... 

Part A quality assurance requirements for surveillance projects provided by potential contractors at the time that tender documents are completed and when commissioning a survey. Here information is sought on ... 

MAFF (1996) Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. Survey of plasticizer levels in food contact materials and in foods. Food Surveillance Papers No 21, UK... 

Cross-sectional smdies (surveys) These examine the relationship between a disease or other health-related characteristic in a population at a given time. The presence or absence (or the level) of a characteristic is examined in each member of the smdy population or in a representative sample. These smdies are used to obtain information not routinely available from surveillance or case series. Cross-sectional studies provide no information on the temporal sequence of cause and effect. In surveys examining the association between an exposure and an outcome, both are measured at the same time and it is often hard to determine whether the exposure preceded the outcome or vice versa. In general, surveys measure the simation at a given moment (prevalence) rather than the occurrence of new events (incidence). 

Herikstad, H., Motarjemi, Y., and Tauxe, R. V. (2002). Salmonella surveillance A global survey of public health serotyping. Epidemiol. Infect. 129,1-8. 

Dolan DM, Warry ND, Rossmann R, et al. 1986. Lake Huron, 1980 Intensive survey summary report. Windsor, Ontario, Canada Surveillance Work Group, 133. 

Another United States HHS survey, the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS), is part of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention s Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System, and is also an in-school survey that collects data from students in grades 9-12. YRBS began in 1990 and has been conducted twice-yearly since 1991. The results of the YRBS are difficult to interpret strictly in terms of Ecstasy use, however, because they only ask questions regarding illicit... 

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