Surveillance databases

Resistance to commonly prescribed antimicrobials such as the penicillins and macrolides/azalides increased dramatically in the late 1980s through the middle to late 1990s. Table 68-2 provides resistance information collected nationally from 1999 to 2004 using the Tracking Resistance in the US Today (TRUST) surveillance database.26 In 2004, the average national rate of resistance to penicillin and macrolides was approximately 18% and 25%, respectively. Susceptibility results alone do not account for clinical success or failures when treating pneumonia. 

The FDA s Spontaneous Reporting System (SRS) was in operation from 1968 to October 1997. The reports were transitioned to the AERS, which has been used from October 1997 to the present. A publicly released version can be purchased on a quarterly basis. It is a passive surveillance system where direct volunteer reporting accounts for 10% of reports from healthcare professionals and consumers. Ninety percent of reports in the FDA s postmarketing safety surveillance databases come from pharmaceutical companies, as they are mandated by regulations to report AEs that they receive. The combined SRS + AERS database currently contains more than 2.7 million reports and is growing rapidly, at about 465, 000 reports on an annual basis. The number of reports has more than doubled in the last 10 years and because the FDA is interested in serious, unlabeled reports, that has grown as a percentage of the total number of reports submitted to the FDA. 

Abstract This chapter describes the surveillance database of the Western pressurized water reactor (PWR) reactor pressure vessel (RPV) beltline materials obtained from US, French and Japanese nuclear power plants (NPPs) and those from other countries, together with an overview of the characteristics of PWR RPVs. Trends of surveillance data which will be obtained in the near future and the possibility of new data from reconstituted and miniature specimen techniques are presented. 

Key words pressurized water reactor (PWR), reactor pressure vessel (RPV), surveillance database, radiation embrittlement. 

Table 4.12 Japanese PWR surveillance database (base metal)...

Table 4.14 PWR surveillance database from countries other than USA, France and Japan... 

There has been successful development of DDRs for both C-Mn and Mn-Mo-Ni steels.The approach has been to base the mathematical forms of the expressions within the DDR, and the inclusions of particular input variables (e.g. Cu content, irradiation temperature) on mechanistic understanding (such as the framework depicted in Fig. 9.41). The values of the associated coefficients were then determined by fitting to the surveillance database. Different DDRs have been developed in different... 

Key words embrittlement correlation method, transition temperature shift, surveillance database, chemical composition, irradiation condition. 

There are four main types of reactors in France CPO (900MWe), CPY (900MWe), P4 and P 4 (1300MWe) and N4 (1400MWe). The surveillance data from six CPO reactors and 26 CPY reactors as well as the test reactor data, including those obtained after the development of the FIS model, were used for the calibration of a new embrittlement correlation method. The surveillance database includes 139 pieces of base metal data, 130 weld metal data, 131 heat-affected zone (HAZ) data and 93 standard reference material (SRM) data, while the test reactor database contains 36 pieces of... 

Jones and Bolton have provided a detailed description of the approach employed by Magnox Electric for developing trend curves describing the DDR of Magnox RPVs. The authors stress that the advantage of the physically-based approach is that the trend curves underpinned in this way can be used with confidence when limited extrapolation is required into areas of neutron dose, dose rate or irradiation temperature which are not specifically covered by the surveillance database. 

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