Type A surveillance

The first type of OIE surveillance program (denoted as "Type A" surveillance by OIE) is conducted by countries to determine prevalence of BSE and allows for detection of BSE if there is one BSE case (with a 95% confidence interval) per 100,000 adult cattle (OIE, 2006b). Coimtries implementing Type A surveillance must accumulate points based on the points system outlined in the Terrestrial Animal Health Code (OIE, 2006b). 

It is important for all countries to conduct Type A surveillance and determine the prevalence of BSE within their borders. Furthermore, nations must continue to diligently monitor for BSE in their cattle population to prevent the inadvertent spread of the disease. Even though the factors that contribute to the spread of BSE are well known, the origin of the disease is still unknown (ILC, 2006). It is possible that BSE occurred sporadically and, therefore, all nations must actively monitor their cattle population and continue to implement risk mitigation factors such as ruminant-to-ruminant feed bans (Brown et al., 2006). 

In addition to creating standards for surveillance of BSE, in 2006 the OIE stipulated three categories of BSE risk in a cattle population and, thus, in a country, based on results of the surveillance plans described above (OIE, 2006a). To date, OIE has not given any country a designation based on the new criteria. However, many countries, including the United States, have presented OIE with the results of their Type A surveillance and have petitioned for OIE to determine their status, and many countries... 

The Full Inspection Qption is a surveillance or compliance inspection that is thorough and gives the FDA a deep understanding of the cGMP program in a manufacturing facility. This type of inspection is conducted when the FDA has little knowledge about the facility, such as a new facility or where the facility has a history of noncompliance or when the FDA has doubt about the facility s quality system. The Full Inspection Qption audits at least four systems in the facility, one of which must be the quality system. 

The consultative approach to the design of biological monitoring programs can aid in the determination of the type of surveillance that is appropriate. For instance, environmental data showing a chronic exposure to Pb might lead to... 

This chapter provides a brief overview of systems currently in piace for the detection of biological events, either naturaiiy occurring disease outbreaks or deliberate bioterror events. Basic concepts related to infectious disease epidemiology and surveillance are presented. Different types of surveillance systems, including syndromic surveillance, are described. The roles of the... 

Special systems Special systems focus on a particular disease or type of surveillance data, and may include a combination of several different types of surveillance systems. Examples of special systems are the surveillance system designed to monitor West Nile virus, which includes passive and active report-... 

As a first step in the direction outlined here some manufacturers and BAM last year discussed the problems and the possible procedures of such a system of quality assurance. As a result of this meeting round robin tests for the harmonization of the measurements of film system parameters and a possible procedure of surveillance of the quality of film systems were proposed. Closely related to these the BAM offers to perform the classification of film systems. But as during the production of films variations of the properties of the different batches cannot be avoided, the results of measurements of films of a single batch will be restricted to this charge, while only the measurements and mean of several batches of a film type will give representative values of its properties. This fact is taken into account already in section 4 of the standard EN 584-1 which can be interpreted as a kind of continuous surveillance. In accordance with this standard a film system caimot be certified on the base of measurements of a single emulsion only. 

A widely used instmment for air monitoring is a type of ionization chamber called a Kaimn chamber. Surface contamination is normally detected by means of smears, which are simply disks of filter paper wiped over the suspected surface and counted in a windowless proportional-flow counter. Uptake of tritium by personnel is most effectively monitored by urinalyses normally made by Hquid scintillation counting on a routine or special basis. Environmental monitoring includes surveillance for tritium content of samples of air, rainwater, river water, and milk. 

No matter what type of respirator is used, it is of the utmost importance that the revised respiratory standard is adhered to. The revised standard stresses training, documentation, written programs, medical surveillance, fit testing, and a variety of other subjects pertinent to respirators. Of particular interest to the authors is the new approach toward action levels, protection factors, and fit testing. Another important change is OSHAs latest approach on voluntary respirator use. With the new standard in effect, those workers previously considered to be voluntarily wearing respirators should be much better protected. 

Different snow and ice making systems have been tested. The first years both fan type snow guns and one LowEnergyTower were used. The fan-type machines required a lot of maintenance and surveillance the first years and a lot of the snow from the LowEnergyTower landed outside the storage. The last year s two fan type snow guns have been used, mounted on 5 m high towers and now only operated in the wind direction. This worked well. 

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