Cigarette

Cerium is a component of misch metal, which is extensively used in the manufacture of pyrophoric alloys for cigarette lighters. While cerium is not radioactive, the impure commercial grade may contain traces of thorium, which is radioactive. The oxide is an important constituent of incandescent gas mantles and is emerging as a hydrocarbon catalyst in self cleaning ovens. In this application it can be incorporated into oven walls to prevent the collection of cooking residues. 

Although a leaf blower is probably way too strong it may still be adequate at its lowest setting. To insure that a correct airflow is being pulled the chemist holds a lit cigarette about a foot in front of the hood s opening and looks to see If the smoke trail is being pulled into the hood. If so, then the hood works just fine. 

Formaldehyde from cigarette smoke is collected by trapping the smoke in a 1-L separatory funnel and extracting into an aqueous solution. To aid in its detection, cysteamine is included in the aqueous extracting solution, leading to the formation of a thiazolidine derivative. Samples are analyzed... 

Wingen, L. M. Low, J. C. Pinlayson-Pitts, B. J. Chromatography, Absorption, and Pluorescence A New Instrumental Analysis Experiment on the Measurement of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Cigarette Smoke, ... 

The analysis of cigarette smoke for 16 different polyaromatic hydrocarbons is described in this experiment. Separations are carried out using a polymeric bonded silica column with a mobile phase of 50% v/v water, 40% v/v acetonitrile, and 10% v/v tetrahydrofuran. A notable feature of this experiment is the evaluation of two means of detection. The ability to improve sensitivity by selecting the optimum excitation and emission wavelengths when using a fluorescence detector is demonstrated. A comparison of fluorescence detection with absorbance detection shows that better detection limits are obtained when using fluorescence. 

Most of the acetic acid is produced in the United States, Germany, Great Britain, Japan, France, Canada, and Mexico. Total annual production in these countries is close to four million tons. Uses include the manufacture of vinyl acetate [108-05-4] and acetic anhydride [108-24-7]. Vinyl acetate is used to make latex emulsion resins for paints, adhesives, paper coatings, and textile finishing agents. Acetic anhydride is used in making cellulose acetate fibers, cigarette filter tow, and ceUulosic plastics. 

The predominant cellulose ester fiber is cellulose acetate, a partially acetylated cellulose, also called acetate or secondary acetate. It is widely used in textiles because of its attractive economics, bright color, styling versatiUty, and other favorable aesthetic properties. However, its largest commercial appHcation is as the fibrous material in cigarette filters, where its smoke removal properties and contribution to taste make it the standard for the cigarette industry. Cellulose triacetate fiber, also known as primary cellulose acetate, is an almost completely acetylated cellulose. Although it has fiber properties that are different, and in many ways better than cellulose acetate, it is of lower commercial significance primarily because of environmental considerations in fiber preparation. 

Fig. 11. World production of cellulose acetate and triacetate fibers I, cigarette tow B, textile (74).

Table 3. World Production of Cellulose Acetate Cigarette Filter Tow, 10 t...

The two principal markets for cellulose acetate are textiles and cigarette filters. 

Fig. 12. Cellulose acetate cigarette filter tow (a) as supplied and (b) "opened" for cigarette-filter rod preparation.

Fig. 14. Section of cellulose acetate cigarette filter tow showing crimp configuration.

A cross-sectional view of hemp fiber is shown in Figure 3b. It has a Z twist in contrast to the S twist of flax. Hemp is regarded as a substitute for flax in yam and twine. Its eadier use in ropes has been replaced by leaf and synthetic fibers. Hemp fiber is used in Japan, China, CIS, and Italy to make specialty papers, including cigarette paper, but bleaching is difficult. The fiber is coarser and has less flexibiUty than flax. 

CAL 117 ASTM E1353-90, ASTM E1354-90 cigarette ignition for furniture ignitabiHty... 

O. M. Grace and co-workers, "Improvement in Cigarette Smoldering Resistance of Upholstered Furniture," Proc. Polyurethanes World Congress, Sept. 29—Oct. 2, 1987, Aachen, Germany. 

Another related term is smolder resistance. Smolder resistance implies resistance to ignition by a smoldering source, such as aUt cigarette, placed on the surface of a fabric or in the crevice formed between two butting fabrics. Smolder resistance does not necessarily imply flame resistance, although the material in question may well be flame resistant. A fabric can be smolder resistant and not flame resistant, or vice versa. 

Polycychc aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are carcinogens produced by the thermal breakdown of organic materials. These are widely distributed in both food and the environment, and are some of the principal carcinogens in cigarette tar and air pollution. Of over 20 PAHs isolated, benzopyrene and quinoline compounds are the most commonly encountered in foods, particularly those which are broiled or fried (111). Shellfish living in petroleum contaminated waters may also contain PAHs (112). 

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