Mainstream cigarette smoke

Martell, E. A., and K. S. Sweder, Properties of radon progeny in mainstream cigarette smoke and the alpha dose at segmental bifurcations of smoke, in Current Topics in Lung Dosimetry, (D. R. Fisher, ed.) pp. 144-151, CONF-820492, NTIS, U. S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, Virginia (1983). 

Melikian AA, Djordjevic MV, Hosey J, Zhang J, Chen S, Zang E, Muscat J, SteUman SD (2007b) Gender differences relative to smoking behavior and emission of toxins from mainstream cigarette smoke. Nicotine Tob Res 9(3) 377-387... 

Yates SL, Bencherif M, Fluhler EN, LippieUo PM (1995) Up-regulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors following chronic exposure of rats to mainstream cigarette smoke or alpha 4 beta 2 receptors to nicotine, Biochem Pharmacol 50 2001-2008 Yeomans J, Baptista M (1997) Both nicotinic and muscarinic receptors in ventral tegmental area contribute to brain-stimulation, Pharmacol Biochem Behav 57 915-921 Yoshida M, Yokoo H, Tanaka T, Mizoguchi K, Emoto H, Ishii H, Tanaka M (1993) Facilitatory modulation of mesolimbic dopamine neuronal-activity by a mu-opioid agonist and nicotine as examined with in-vivo microdialysis. Brain Res 624 277-280... 

Multiple publications (Pankow et al. 1997 Ingebrethsen et al. 2001 Pankow et al. 2003 Watson et al. 2004) have discussed measuring free-base nicotine directly, addressed the importance of free-base nicotine delivery, and examined the chemical properties of nicotine in cigarette smoke as an important determinant of the effective delivery and bioavailability of nicotine from cigarettes. Pankow et al. (1997) examined how ammonia influences nicotine delivery in tobacco smoke and concluded that conversion of nicotine to the free-base form could be facilitated by ammonia. Based on a theoretical treatment, Pankow et al. (1997) concluded that, under certain circumstances, up to 40% of the nicotine could be available as the volatile free-base form. These authors also concluded that the rate of volatilization was more rapid than that previously measured by Lewis et al. (1995) using denuder technology to examine the properties of mainstream cigarette smoke. 

Hurt RD, Robertson CR (1998) Prying open the door to the tobacco industry s secrets about nicotine the Minnesota tobacco trial, JAMA 280 1173-1181 Ingebrethsen BJ (1993) The physical properties of mainstream cigarette smoke and their relationship to deposition in the respiratory tract, 10 Feb 1993, R,J, Reynolds, Bates 512293419-512293456, http //tobaccodocuments,org/product design/512293419-3456,html Jarvis MJ, Boreham R, Primatesta P, Feyerabend C, Bryant A (2001) Nicotine yield from machine-smoked cigarettes and nicotine intakes in smokers evidence from a representative population survey, J Natl Cancer Inst 93 134-138... 

Watson CH, Trommel JS, Ashley DL (2004) Solid-phase microextraction-based approach to determine free-base nicotine in trapped mainstream cigarette smoke total particulate matter. J Agric Food Chem 52 7240-7245... 

Cytotoxic effect. Gas phase of mainstream cigarette smoke, in monolayer culture of mouse lung epithelial cells, produced an increase in cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner. Cell viability of cultures exposed to gas phase with only the nonorganic components was equivalent to controls. Removal of volatile organic constituents resulted in almost elimination of cytotoxicity of the smoke . Smoke condensate and tobacco extract, at high concentrations in Lewis lung adenocarcinoma cells and mice spleen lymphocytes, were cytotoxic. Smaller doses increased thymidine incorporation in both cell types. Lymphocytes were more susceptible to the toxic effect of tobacco prod-... 

Diluted mainstream cigarette smoke was administered to F344 rats for 9 days for a 2-week period. After the last exposure, the treatment produced 270% more intraepithelial mucosubstances in the dorsal septum, 58% less intraepithelial mucosubstances in the midseptum, and amounts of... 

NT023 Coggins, C.R. A minireview of chronic animal inhalation studies with mainstream cigarette smoke. Inhal Toxicol 2002 14(10) 991-1002. 

NT141 Gairola, C. G. Free lung cell response of mice and rats to mainstream cigarette smoke exposure. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1986 84(3) 567-575. 

NT271 Hotchkiss, J. A., W. A. Evans, B. T. Chen, G. L. Finch, andj. R. Harkema. Regional differences in the effects of mainstream cigarette smoke on stored mucosubstances and DNA synthesis in F344 rat nasal respiratory epithelium. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1995 131(2) 316-324. 

Moldoveanu S. C. Kiser M. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry versus liquid chromatography/fluorescence detection in the analysis of phenols in mainstream cigarette smoke Journal of Chromatography A 2007 1141(1) 90-97. 

Byrd, G.D., Fowler, K.W, Hicks, R.D., Lovette, M.E. Borgerding, M.F. (1990) Isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the determination of benzene, toluene, styrene and acrylonitrile in mainstream cigarette smoke. J. Chromatog., 503, 359-368... 

Mainstream cigarette smoke Collection on filters and impingers [2H6]-benzene added to impinger HRGC/IDMS-SIM 0.05 pg/cigarette 75-85 (trapping efficiency) Byrd etal. 1990... 

Peppermint oil contains a large percentage of menthol (30-55%). Any question that the laryngeal irritation may be related to the presence of menthol within peppermint oil is doubtful because a recent chronic rat inhalation study has shown that 5000 ppm of menthol had no substantial effect on the histopathological changes in the respiratory tract normally associated with inhalation of mainstream cigarette smoke. ... 

Table 16.2.8. Compounds in mainstream cigarette smoke considered [58-61] to have adverse effect on human heaith. The level (complied from several reports) Is Indicated for a 1R4F Kentucky reference cigarette. (SM Indicates small molecules Ps indicates polysaccharides including cellulose, pectins, hemicellulose, etc. Pr indicates protein Ma indicates Maillard polymers.)...

A rapid diminution of recovery with time was noted for the aromatic amines in mainstream cigarette smoke (MCS), collected in an automatic smoking machine. This is due to fast reaction of the PAA with other components present in the matrix. Addition of 4-toluidine (Id) to the sample dramatically improved analyte recoveries, as this compound served as sacrificial reagent34. 

Vulimiri SV, Misra M, Hamm JT, Mitchell M, Berger A (2009) Effects of mainstream cigarette smoke on the global metabolome of human lung epithelial cells. Chem Res Toxicol 22(3) 492-503... 

This sample preparation method involves steam distillation of the volatile organic components of a sample followed by preconcentration by LEE using a water-insoluble solvent. SDE served as unique clean-up and preconcentration step before derivatization, in the GC-MS determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, phenols and aromatic amines in particulate phase mainstream cigarette smoke . Preconcentration by the SDE... 

---