Cigarette smoking addiction

Parrott AC (1998b). Nesbitt s Paradox resolved Stress and arousal modulation during cigarette smoking. Addiction, 93, 27-39. 

Jarvik ME, Caskey NH, Wirshing WC, Madsen DC, Iwamoto-Schaap PN, Elins JL, Eisenberger NI, Olmstead RE (2000) Bromocriptine reduces cigarette smoking. Addiction 95 1173-1183... 

Nicotine is the main psychoactive ingredient of tobacco and is responsible for the stimulant effects and abuse/ addiction that may result form tobacco use. Cigarette smoking rapidly (in about 3 sec ) delivers pulses of nicotine into the bloodstream. Its initial effects are caused by its activation of nicotinic acetylcholine (nACh) receptors. nACh receptors are ligand-gated ion-channels and pre- and postsynaptically located. Reinforcement depends on an intact mesolimbic dopamine system (VTA). nACh receptors on VTA dopamine neurons are normally activated by cholinergic innervation from the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus or the pedunculopontine nucleus. 

Welle R, Kdnig HH, Leidl R (2000) The costs of health damage and productivity losses attributable to cigarette smoking in Germany. Eur J Public Health 10 31-38 Xie X et al (1996) The economic costs of alcohol, tobacco and illicit drug abuse in Ontario. Addiction Research Foundation, Toronto... 

Fowler, J., Volkow, N., Wang, G. et al. Neuropharmacological actions of cigarette smoke brain monoamine oxidase B (MAO B) inhibition. J. Addictive Dis. 17 23, 1998. 

Nicotine and cigarette smoking were considered in Chapter 4. Here, we learned that the addictive power of a drug can be quite subtle, often making it very difficult to... 

Fergusson DM, Lynskey MT and Horwood JL (1995). The role of peer affiliations, social, family and individual factors in continuities in cigarette smoking between childhood and adolescence. Addiction, 90, 647-659. 

Herbert M, Foulds J, Fife-Schaw C (2001). No effect of cigarette smoking on attention or mood in non-deprived smokers. Addiction, 96, 1349-1356. 

Miller TJ, Hanson RD, Yancey PH (2000) Developmental changes in organic osmolytes in prenatal and postnatal rat tissues. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 125(l) 45-56 Naqvi NH, Rudrauf D, Damasio H, Bechara A (2007) Damage to the insula disrupts addiction to cigarette smoking. Science 315(5811) 531-534... 

Cohen C, Pickworth WB, Henningfield JE (1991) Cigarette smoking and addiction. Clin Chest Med 12 701-710... 

Rose JE, Behm FM, Westman EC, Coleman RE (1999) Arterial nicotine kinetics during cigarette smoking and intravenous nicotine administration implications for addiction. Drug Alcohol Depend 56 99-107... 

Rose JE, Levin ED (1991) Inter-relationships between conditioned and primary reinforcement in the maintenance of cigarette smoking. Br J Addict 86(5) 605-609 Rosecrans JA (1971) Elfects of nicotine on brain area 5-hydroxytryptamine function in male and female rats separated for differences of activity. Eur J Pharmacol 16(1) 123-127 Rosecrans JA (1972) Brain area nicotine levels in male and female rats with different levels of spontaneous activity. Neuropharmacology ll(6) 863-870 Rosecrans JA, Schechter MD (1972) Brain area nicotine levels in male and female rats of two strains. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther 196(l) 46-54 Saigusa T, Takada K, et al (1997) Dopamine efflux in the rat nucleus accumbens evoked by dopamine receptor stimulation in the entorhinal cortex is modulated by oestradiol and progesterone. Synapse 25(1) 37 3... 

Royal College of Physicians. (2000) Nicotine addiction in Britain a report of the tobacco advisory group of the Royal College of Physicians. Royal CoUege of Physicians of London, London Russell MAH (1971) Cigarette smoking natural history of a dependence disorder. Br J Psychol 44 1-16... 

Stratton K, Shetty P, Wallace R, Bondurant S (eds) (2001) Clearing the smoke assessing the science base for tobacco harm. National Academy, Washington, DC Talhout R, Opperhuizen A, vanAmsterdam GC (2007) Role of acetaldehyde in tobacco smoke addiction, Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 17 627-636 US Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS) (1984) Why people smoke cigarettes, (PHS) 83-50195, Public Health Service, US Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD, pp, 1-5... 

Given the serious health effects from cigarette smoking, primarily maintained by the addictive properties of nicotine, the best advice is not to start. Despite the obvious health problems and cost to society, large numbers of young people start smoking each year. 

Although not an antidepressant also varenicline can be mentioned here. It is the first nicotinic receptor partial agonist approved to treat smoking addiction. As a partial agonist, it both reduces cravings for and decreases the pleasurable effects of cigarettes and other tobacco products. 

Lee EW and D Alonzo GE. Cigarette smoking, nicotine addiction and its pharmacological treatment. Arch Intern Med 1993 153 34-48. 

Wilens, T., Biederman, J., Milberger, S., Hahesy, A., Goldman, S., Wozniak, J. and Spencer, T. (2000) Is bipolar disorder a risk for cigarette smoking in ADHD youth Am J Addict 9 187-195. 

The best intuitive illustration of the relationship of reward and pleasure occurs at the borders of overindulgence in addictive habits. For instance, I recently heard two smokers talk about how they continued to smoke even after they got no pleasure from it. Then one of them said that he had strictly cut down to ten cigarettes a day and experienced a marked return of the pleasure of smoking the other replied with a similar experience. Cigarette smoking was obviously a reward at both times, since it maintained a behavior but when near satiation reduced this reward, it ceased to be experienced as pleasurable at a level at which it was nevertheless effective enough to get chosen over the alternative of not smoking. 

Besides its addictive nature, the tars and other chemicals produced in cigarette smoke, such as benzo(a)pyrene, are carcinogenic. There is an undisputable epidemiological relationship between the incidence of lung... 

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