Cigarette tar extracts

Evans M.D., Church D.F., and Pryor W.A. (1991), Aqueous cigarette tar extracts damage human al-proteinase inhibitor, Chem. Bio. Int. 79, 151-164. 

Cyclo-oxygenase activity. Aqueous cigarette tar extracts, in rat pulmonary alveolar macrophages, increased cyclo-oxygenase activity threefold above the initial activity within 2 hours of incubation and gradually decreased below the initial activity after 8 hours of incubation. Accumulated levels of prostaglandin-2 increased dramatically after 12 hours of incubation . 

Boudreau, K. H. Sohn, K. Stone, and W. A. Pryor. Activation and inactivation of cyclo-oxygenase in rat alveolar macrophages by aqueous cigarette tar extracts. Free Radic Biol Med 1999 27(5-6) 673-682. 

Aqueous cigarette tar extracts increased prostaglandin H synthase activity in isolated rat pul-... 

E-cadherin expression. Smoke extract, on pig airway epithelial cells and mouse trachea, produced a decrease of E-cadherin expression on membrane and an increase of cytoplasmic expression at 12 and 24 hours after exposure. The expression at 24 hours was higher than at 12 hours k Electron transport inhibition. Acetonitrile extracts of cigarette tar inhibited stage three and four respiration of intact mitochondria. Exposure of respiring submito-chondrial particles to the acetonitrile extracts of cigarette tar results in a dose-dependent inhibition of oxygen consumption... 

Winston GW, Church DF, Cueto R, et al. 1993. Oxygen consumption and oxyradical production from microsomal reduction of aqueous extracts of cigarette tar. Arch Biochem Biophys 304(2) 371-378. 

Organic-solvent extraction of various tobacco types (flue-cured, hurley. Oriental) and blends reduced the yields of both total and individual PAHs, e.g., B[a]P in mainstream CSC both on a per cigarette basis and on a weight of tobacco consumed basis. The per cigarette tar yields were also reduced in every instance. 

In 1989, Nakayama et al. (27A79) reported on a reliable method for the detection and quantitation of H2O2 generated in aqueous extracts of cigarette smoke tar. Aqueous tar extracts... 

A122. Zang, L.Y., K. Stone, and W.A. Pryor Detection of free radicals in aqueous extracts of cigarette tar by electron spin resonance Free Radic. Biol. Med. 19 (1995) 161-167. 

The radicals are persistent and are observed in stored samples for several months. As in the case of EPR spectra of solid cigarette tar, these semiquinone radicals are considered as a dynamic mixture of hydroquinone (QH2), semiquinone (QH ) and quinone (Q). The quantitative measurements (with standard the stable free radical DPPH) showed that the free radical concentrations were in the range of lO -lO spins/g. This range of spins/g is comparable to the solid tar of cigarette smoke, collected on a Cambridge filter, extracted with benzene and dried under reduced pressure) (Squadrito et al. 2001 Valavanidis et al. 2005a, b). 

Fig. 3.3 Extract from report on tar and nicotine yields of cigarettes.

Figure 3.3 shows an extract from report on Tar, Nicotine and Carbon Monoxide Yields of Cigarettes determined by the Laboratory of the Government Chemist for brands available during the period June to November 1994. 

Chrysene occurs as a product of combustion of fossil fuels and has been detected in automobile exhaust. Chrysene has also been detected in air samples collected from a variety of regions nationally and internationally. The concentrations were dependent on proximity to nearby sources of pollution such as traffic highways and industries, and was also dependent on seasons (generally higher concentrations were noted in winter months). Chrysene has also been detected in cigarette smoke and in other kinds of soot and smoke samples (carbon black soot, wood smoke, and soot from premixed acetylene oxygen flames). It has been detected as a component in petroleum products including clarified oil, solvents, waxes, tar oil, petrolatum, creosote, coal tar, cracked petroleum residue, extracts of bituminous coal, extracts from shale, petroleum asphalts, and coal tar pitch. 

Williams K, Lewtas J. 1985. Metabolic activation of organic extracts from diesel, coke oven, roofing tar, and cigarette smoke emissions in the Ames assay. Environ Mutat 7 489-500. 

The development of the low-tar cigarette required enrichment of smoke flavors in order to make the product acceptable to the consumer. The flavor is enhanced by addition of undescribed materials that may include concentrates of flavor precursors obtained from tobacco, licorice, extracts from other plants, or semisynthetic or fully synthetic flavor components. Because these additives have not been identified, no... 

Tennessee Eastman Corporation Composition of tobacco smoke. EL Effects of the extraction of tobacco on amount of benzo[a]pyrene in cigarette smoke tar Tennessee Eastman Corp. Res. Rpt. No. 4-1201-3 (July 14,1959). 

Xioa, L., Y. Yang, Z. Ren-Feng, and C. Ling Sun-cured tobacco extracts compensate in the low tar cigarette aroma application see http //www.tobacco.org.cn/news/ dspNews.jsp id=49008. 

Products and Uses There are 4000 ingredients in cigarettes. Additives include yeast, wine, caffeine, beeswax, and chocolate. Other ingredients, or by-products, include ammonia, angelica extract (which is a carcinogen in animals), benzene, benzopyrene, butone, cadmium, cyanide, DDT, ethyl furoate, lead formaldehyde, methoprene (insecticide), napthalene, and tars, and so on. 

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