Cigarette smoke, volatile

Nonvolatile Nitrosamines In Tobacco Smoke. Although there are more than 10 million exsmokers in the U.S.A., 53 million adults continue to smoke cigarettes and an additional 10 million still smoke cigars or pipes (39). The cigarette smokers are exposed to about 10 ng of volatile nitrosamines, 20-40 ng of NDELA and, most importantly, to 1-10 pg of tobacco specific N-nitros-amines with each cigarette smoked (Table IV). Similar quantities of the TSNA are found in sidestream smoke. The quantities of TSNA in the smoke are dependent on nitrate, nitrite, tobacco alkaloids and on NNN, NNK and NAT in the tobacco itself (31)>... 

Multiple publications (Pankow et al. 1997 Ingebrethsen et al. 2001 Pankow et al. 2003 Watson et al. 2004) have discussed measuring free-base nicotine directly, addressed the importance of free-base nicotine delivery, and examined the chemical properties of nicotine in cigarette smoke as an important determinant of the effective delivery and bioavailability of nicotine from cigarettes. Pankow et al. (1997) examined how ammonia influences nicotine delivery in tobacco smoke and concluded that conversion of nicotine to the free-base form could be facilitated by ammonia. Based on a theoretical treatment, Pankow et al. (1997) concluded that, under certain circumstances, up to 40% of the nicotine could be available as the volatile free-base form. These authors also concluded that the rate of volatilization was more rapid than that previously measured by Lewis et al. (1995) using denuder technology to examine the properties of mainstream cigarette smoke. 

Cytotoxic effect. Gas phase of mainstream cigarette smoke, in monolayer culture of mouse lung epithelial cells, produced an increase in cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner. Cell viability of cultures exposed to gas phase with only the nonorganic components was equivalent to controls. Removal of volatile organic constituents resulted in almost elimination of cytotoxicity of the smoke . Smoke condensate and tobacco extract, at high concentrations in Lewis lung adenocarcinoma cells and mice spleen lymphocytes, were cytotoxic. Smaller doses increased thymidine incorporation in both cell types. Lymphocytes were more susceptible to the toxic effect of tobacco prod-... 

Piperi, A. Stavridou, M. C. Psalli-dopoulos, and J. C. Stavrides. The cytotoxic effect of volatile organic compounds of the gas phase of cigarette smoke on lung epithelial cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2003 34(3) 345-355. 

It is rarely detected in ambient air or drinking water but is frequently found in indoor air. It is present in cigarette smoke and in the volatile components of certain foodstuffs. 

Such high photocatalytic reactivities of photo-formed e and h can be expected to induce various catalytic reactions to remove toxic compounds and can actually be applied for the reduction or elimination of polluted compounds in air such as NO cigarette smoke, as well as volatile compounds arising from various construction materials, oxidizing them into CO2. In water, such toxins as chloroalkenes, specifically trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethene, as well as dioxins can be completely degraded into CO2 and H2O. Such highly photocatalyti-... 

This sample preparation method involves steam distillation of the volatile organic components of a sample followed by preconcentration by LEE using a water-insoluble solvent. SDE served as unique clean-up and preconcentration step before derivatization, in the GC-MS determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, phenols and aromatic amines in particulate phase mainstream cigarette smoke . Preconcentration by the SDE... 

Chamberlain WJ, Arrendale RF. 1982. Rapid method for the analysis of volatile N-nitrosamines in cigarette smoke by glass capillary chromatography. J Chromatog 234 478-481. 

A study of proportionate mortality among the 11,144 members of the United Union of Roofers, Waterproofers, and Allied Workers (Stem et al. 2000) found a significant excess in mortality due to pneumoconioses and other nonmalignant respiratory diseases in these workers compared with U.S. age-, gender-, and race-specific proportional mortality rates for the years of the study (1950-1996). These workers were occupationally exposed to asphalt fumes and asbestos as well as coal tar pitch volatiles. Cigarette smoking is a potential confounding factor that, due to the nature of the study, could not be evaluated. 

Coal Tar Products. In an industrial health survey of employees in a wood preservative plant in which coal tar creosote, coal tar, and pentachlorophenol were the main treatments used, cardiovascular effects, including increased diastolic blood pressure, were noted in 21% (24 of 113) of the employees examined (TOMA 1979). Industrial hygiene surveys of coal tar pitch volatiles at this and three other wood preservative plants indicated that airborne exposure to benzene-soluble components of the coal tar pitch volatiles was within the OSHA permissible limit of 0.2 mg/m3 in 94% of the samples (TOMA 1979). The other 6% of the samples ranged from 0.21 to 3.6 mg/m3 (TOMA 1979). Nevertheless, no clear relationship could be established because exposure routes in addition to inhalation (e.g., oral and dermal) were likely. Also, the ability to relate cardiovascular effects to coal tar creosote and coal tar exposure was further confounded by the possibility that the subjects were also exposed to other chemicals including pentachlorophenol and cigarette smoke (TOMA 1979). Additional limitations of the study are noted above (see "Respiratory Effects"). However, in another industrial study, an increase in mortality from... 

Environmental Uncomfortable humidity and temperature cigarette smoke photocopiers and video display terminals handling carbonless paper chilled, humidified air from mechanical ventilation level of lighting odor complaints organic debris/volatile organic compounds... 

NDMA, A -nitrosodiethylamine, A -nitrosodipropylamine, A -nitrosodibutylamine, A -nitrosopiperidine, A -nitrosopyrrolidine, A -nitrosomorpholine Volatile and tobacco-specific A -nitrosamines, cigarette smoke... 

Water-soluble volatile components, which are primarily responsible for the results of the acute in vitro short-term cilia toxicity tests, are, to a large extent, removed when cigarette smoke contacts the saliva in the mouth and the abundant secretions of the trachea and main bronchi. 

The volatile NNAs in tobacco smoke, usually reported as tobacco smoke components that contribute to the health problems related to smoking, particularly the cigarette smoke-respiratory tract cancer problem, are the first seven listed in Table XV-2. 

Volatile NNA tumorigenicity in laboratory animals was repeatedly cited with the implication that this property was extrapolable to man because of cigarette smoke NNAs. In laboratory animals, NNAs are organ-specific tumorigens and seldom have been shown to induce carcinoma at the painting site in mouse skin-painting experiments. Hoffmaim and Wynder (15A29) noted ... 

The problem of the artifactual formation of volatile NNAs during smoke collection and analysis was discussed previously by Neurath (2750, 2751) and by Fredrickson (1236). It was once again revisited. KruU et al. (15A33) described the problem of artifactual formation of NNAs during the collection, Ifactionation, and analysis of cigarette smoke and proposed methodology to reduce the problem. This problem resurfaced several times in the next decade in the determination of both volatile NNAs [Eisenbrand et al. (15 AlO) Caldwell and Conner (572,573)] and TSNAs in tobacco smoke (572,573) preventative measures were described. 

The A-nitrosamine formation in tobacco smoke is determined by the nitrate content of the tobacco... More importantly... selective removal (70 to 80 percent) of volatile nitrosamines from the smoke can be achieved by cellulose filters [sic] ... At present, it has not been demonstrated that a significant reduction of volatile A-nitrosamines will lead to a significant reduction of the tumorigenic potential of cigarette smoke. 

Rinkus and Legator (3157) listed numerous tobacco and cigarette smoke components as mutagenic in the Salmonella typhimurium system. Among these were the following volatile NNAs [excluding (NMOR)] known to occur in tobacco smoke NDMA, NDEA, NPYR, NDBA, NDPA, NMOR, NPIP. 

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