Tobacco products cigarettes

Nicotine is a highly toxic alkaloid found principally in tobacco products (cigarettes, 15-20 mg cigars,... 

Exposure to endosulfan residues in tobacco products could be another important source of general population exposure. Endosulfan residues in tobacco leaves and finished tobacco products were reviewed by EPA (1982a). Eor example, auction market tobacco had a mean residue of <0.2-14 ppm endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate in the early 1970s, and cigarettes sold in 1973 contained a mean residue of 0.83 ppm endosulfan. No information was found in the available literature regarding endosulfan concentrations in cigarette smoke. 

Country Smoking any tobacco product [%] Smoking cigarettes [%] ... 

Prevalence of Tobacco Products Other Than Cigarettes... 

Fig. 4 Prevalence of tobacco products use other than cigarettes among youth (figure from Warren 2008)...

Nicotine Content in Other Combustible Tobacco Products 4.1 Roll-Your-Own Cigarettes... 

Since the late 1980s, there has been a proliferation of new potential reduced-exposure products (PREPs), promoted by the industry with the claims of reduced harm, in all the four categories that were summarized earlier (Stratton et al. 2001 Hatsukami et al. 2002, 2005). These include (a) modified tobacco products, such as several denicotinized brands and reduced TSNA emission cigarettes (b) chewing gum impregnated with tobacco (c) smokeless tobacco products with claimed reduced nitrosamine levels and (d) cigarette-like products (carbon-heated smoking devices). 

Chen J, Higby R, Tian D, Tan D, Johnson MD, Xiao Y, Keller KJ, Feng S, Shields PG (2008) Toxicological analysis of low-nicotine and nicotine free-cigarettes. Toxicology 249 194-203 Connolly GN, Alpert HR (2008) Trends in the use of cigarettes and other tobacco products, 2000-2007, JAMA 299 2629-2630... 

Carpenter CM, Ferris Wayne G, Connolly GN (2005) Designing cigarettes for women new findings from the tobacco industry documents. Addiction 100 837-851 Carpenter CM, Ferris Wayne G, Connolly GN (2006) The role of sensory perception in the development and targeting of tobacco products. Addiction 102 136-147 Chakraborty BB (1985) Subject status of high nicotine tobacco evaluation/377. 16 Jul 1985. Brown Williamson. Bates 510003880-510003882 Exhibitl3. http /Aobaccodocuments.org/ youth/CgNcBWC 19850416.Me.html... 

Dunn WL, Jones BW, Schori TR (1973) Project 1600 - smoker psychology smoking and low delivery cigarettes - II (Tnt-3). Oct 1973. Philip Morris. Bates 1000048633-1000048654. http // tobaccodocuments.org/pm/1000048633-8654.html Dunn WL, Houck W, Jones BW, Meyer LF (1976) 1600 - Smoker psychology low delivery cigarettes and increased nicotine/tar ratios, III (Pol - 1606). Philip Morris. Bates 2024545758-2024545773. http //tobaccodocuments.org/pm/2024545758-5773.html Esterle JG, Honeycutt RH, Nall JF (1979) Tar/nicotine ratios and nicotine transfer efficiencies of B W and competition brands. 20 Sep 1979. Brown WilUamson. Bates 505003431-505003438. http //tobaccodocuments.org w/94764.html Farnham F (1995) List of additives in the manufacture of tobacco products and their substitutes. Sept 1995. PhiUp Morris. Bates 2050755566-2050755578. http //tobaccodocuments.org/ product design/2050755566-5578.html... 

PhUip Morris et al. (1998) Comments before the Massachusetts Department of Public Health on proposed amendments to regulations entitled cigarette and smokeless tobacco products Reports of added constituents and nicotine ratings. October 2 1998. Massachusetts Department of Public Health. Boston, Massachusetts... 

As shown in Fig. 1, the speed of nicotine uptake in venous blood following several forms of nicotine delivery varies widely, from that of the very slow pattern of nicotine appearance in the blood (several hours to peak level) produced by current transdermal nicotine medications to the explosive rise produced by tobacco smoke inhalation. Nicotine gum, lozenge, tablet, and vapor inhaler can provide more rapid delivery of nicotine than the patch, but the speed and amount obtained are constrained by use patterns. Smokeless tobacco products deliver their nicotine more rapidly than nicotine gum and with less physical effort, but are still slower than cigarettes in their nicotine dehvery. 

In the 1970s, Murray Jarvik and others, postdated that the powerful reinforcing effects of tobacco for humans were most likely explained by substances in addition to nicotine in the tobacco and smoke (Jarvik 1977 Russell 1979). Addiction to tobacco has been designated by the nomenclature as nicotine dependence and nicotine withdrawal by the American Psychiatric Association since 1987 because of the presence of nicotine (American Psychiatric Association 1994, 1987 Stratton et al. 2001). In fact, tobacco products are complex chemical cocktails, with the modem commercial cigarette representing perhaps the most complex of all. Therefore, there is also strong merit in the approach of the WHO in its International Classification of Diseases to use the terms tobacco dependence and tobacco withdrawal. ... 

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