Cigarette smoke, composition

Paschke, T., G. Scherer, and W.-D. Heller Effects of ingredients on cigarette smoke composition and biological activity A literature overview Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 20 (2000) 107-247. 

Spears, A.W. Effect of manufacturing variables on cigarette smoke composition CORESTA 1974 Symp., CORESTA Inf. BuU., Spec. Edition 1974 65-78. Spears, A.W., J.H. BeU, and A.O. Saunders The contribution of tobacco constituents to phenol yield of cigarettes 19th Tobacco Chemists Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 19, Paper No. 19. 1965, pp. 29-31. 

Terrell, J.H. and I. Schmeltz The effect of the design of cigarettes on the composition of the mainstream smoke gas 23rd Tobacco Chemists Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 23, Paper No. 27,1969, p. 20. Terrell, J.H. and I. Schmeltz Alteration of cigarette smoke composition. I. Influence of certain additives Tob. Sci. 14(1970) 78-81. 

Terrell, J.H. and I. Schmeltz Alteration of cigarette smoke composition. II. Influence of cigarette design Tob. Sci. 14(1970) 82-85. 

Tso, T.C. and G.B. Gori Effects of tobacco characteristics on cigarette smoke composition in The chemistry of tobacco and tobacco smoke, edited by I. Schmeltz,... 

Cigarette smoke composition is dependent on two major processes occurring during the smoking of tobacco the direct transfer by vaporization of volatile tobacco components directly to the smoke and the pyrogenesis of smoke components from tobacco components. The pyrogenesis involves a variety of reactions, including oxidation, reduction, aroma-tization, hydration, dehydration, condensation, cyclization, polymerization, depolymerization, etc. 

Counts ME, Morton MJ, Lafoon SW, Cox RH, Lipowicz PJ (2005) Smoke composition and potential relationship for international commercial cigarettes smoked with three machine-smoking conditions, Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 41 185-227 DeRoton C, Wiemik A, Wahlberg 1, Vidal B (2005) Factors influencing the formation of tobacco-specific nitrosamines in french air-cured tobaccos in trials and at the farm level, Beitr Tabakforsch 21 305-320... 

Moree- Testa, P., M. Donzel, M. H. Bergerol, and M. M. Luzinier. Determination of pyridinic and pyrazinic compounds in tobacco and cigarette smoke. Ann Tab Sect 1974 1(12) 27. Richter, M. Composition of essential oils in tobacco. III. Analysis of phenolic fraction. Ber Inst Tabakforsch (Dresden) 1974 21 52. 

Inoue, O., Seiji, K., Kudo, S., Jin, C., Cai S.-X., Liu, S.-J., Watanabe, T., Nakatsuka, H. Ikeda, M. (1995) Urinary phenylglyoxylic acid excretion after exposure to ethylbenzene among solvent-exposed Chinese workers. Int. J. occup. environ. Health, 1, 1-8 Johnstone, R.A.W., Quan, P.M. Carmthers, W. (1962) Composition of cigarette smoke some low-boiling components. Nature, 195, 1267-1269 Jonsson, A., Persson, K.A. Grigoriadis, V (1985) Measurement of some low molecular-weight oxygenated aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons in ambient air and in vehicle emissions. Environ, int., 11, 383-392... 

Problems that have been solved in the risk assessment of single substances have not been solved equally well in mixture assessments. Even the most generic question in prospective risk analyses— What is a safe level —poses problems. Often the mixture composition is unknown, and the mixture problem is then that the safe level would only be applicable to that particular mixture. Even if the mixture composition is well characterized, the safe exposure or concentration level would apply only to mixtures with the same or similar concentration ratios between the mixture compounds, as in cigarette smoke, diesel exhaust, or some polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) mixtures. One option in such cases is to set a safe level for the mixture by using one of the mixture components as an indicator compound for the whole mixture. If the concentration ratios between the mixture compounds vary, there is no unique safe mixture concentration, but an infinite number of possible safe concentration combinations. 

Complex Mixture A combination of so many chemicals that the composition of the mixture is not fully characterized, either qualitatively or quantitatively, and may be variable (e.g., cigarette smoke, diesel exhaust, gasoline). 

Dalluge, J., van Stee, L. L. P., Beens, J., and Tijssen, R., Unraveling the composition of very complex samples by comprehensive GC coupled to time of flight mass spectrometry cigarette smoke, J. Chromatogr. A, 974, 169-184, 1997. 

As Stedman (3797) noted in his 1968 review of the composition of tobacco and smoke, it was thought at one time that ante iso-alkanes comprised only those homologs with even-numbered carbons, but eventually homologs with odd-numbered carbons were reported by Carugno and Rossi (625) and Chortyk et al. (727). Carugno and Rossi (625) reported the presence of both normal and branched C21 to C34 alkanes in cigarette smoke condensate (CSC). 

Relative Percentage Composition of Tobacco Alkanes in Tobacco and Cigarette Smoke, Based on Mass Spectroscopic Analysis (613)... 

In 1954, knowledge of cigarette MSS composition was extremely limited. As mentioned earlier, Kosak (2170) listed fewer than 100 components reported in tobacco smoke and many of those listed were incorrect. Some of the early research on cigarette MSS composition, particularly the PAHs, was conducted at RJRT. Complete details of the experimental procedures and findings are available on the Internet at www.rjrtdocs.com. 

However, because knowledge of the composition of tobacco smoke was so sketchy in the mid-1950s, several research groups initiated the detailed examination of the tobacco smoke aerosol to define not only its physical characteristics but also the composition of its vapor phase. For most of the balance of the 1950s, the resnlts from the composition stndies of cigarette smoke vapor phase received little attention compared to that directed at the particnlate-phase composition resnlts. 

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