Cigarette smoke, particle size

Langer, G. and M. A. Fisher, Concentration and particle size of cigarette-smoke particles, A. M. A. Arch. Ind. Hlth., 13 373-378 (1956). 

Indoor moderate airborne concentrations of radon daughters can increase considerably in the presence of particles such as those found in cigarette smoke. The size of these particles (now radioactive) allows them to reach the lungs and remain there, increasing the probability of consequences in health. 

Jones, R.T., W.G.D. Lugton, S.R. Massey, and R.B. Richardson The distribution with respect to smoke particle size of dotriacontane, hexadecane and decachlo-robiphenyl added to cigarettes Beitr. Tabakforsch. 8 (1975) 89-92. 

Holmes, J. C., J. E. Hardcastle and R. I. Mitchell, The determination of particle size and electric charge distribution in cigarette smoke, Tobacco Science, 3 148-153 (1959). 

Ishizu, Y., K. Ohta and T. Okada, Changes in the particles size and the concentration of cigarette smoke through the column of a cigarette, J. Aerosol Sci., 9 25-29 (1978). 

Porstendorfer, J. and A. Schraub, Concentration and mean particle size of the main and side stream of cigarette smoke, Staub-Reinhalt. Luft, 32 33-36 (1972). 

The change in the particle size distribution function with time for coagulating cigarette smoke has been measured by Keith and Derrick (1960), Smoke issuing from a cigarette was rapidly mixed with clean air, and the mixture was introduced into a 12-liter flask... 

Ingebrethsen, B.J. Evolution of the particle size distribution of mainstream cigarette smoke during a puff Aerosol Sci. Tech. 5 (1986) 423 33. 

Ingebrethsen, B.J. and S.B. Sears Particle size distribution of sidestream cigarette smoke 39th Tobacco Chemists Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 39, Paper No. 47, 1985, p. 25. Ingebrethsen, B.J. and S.B. Sears Particle evaporation of sidestream cigarette smoke in a stirred tank J. Colloid Interface Sci. 131 (1990) 526-536. 

Jenkins, R.W. Jr, R.A. Comes, and R.T. Bass The use of carbon-14 labelled compounds in smoke precursor studies A review Recent Adv. Tob. Sci. 1 (1975) 1-30. Jenkins, R.W. Jr, B.W Francis, H. Flachsbart, W. Stober, R.B. Tucci, and T.G. WiUiamson Selected inorganic chemical composition of mainstream cigarette smoke as a function of aerodynamic particle size J. Aerosol Sci. 13 (1982)459-468. 

Okada, T., Y. Ishizu, and K. Matsunuma Determination of particle-size distribution and concentration of cigarette smoke by a light-scattering method Beitr. Tabakforsch. 

In his review of the aerosol studies on cigarette smoke, Ingebrethsen (1860) points out that two factors are extremely important with respect to the measured particle size of an aerosol (1) the time between aerosol generation and particle size measurement, and (2) the concentration of the aerosol. 

A major distinction between MSS and SSS that affects particle size is that MSS is acidic, with a pH ranging from 6.0 to 6.6, whereas the pH of SSS ranges from 6.7 to 7.5. The SSS from most cigarettes is alkaline, with pH above 7.0. Under acidic conditions (pH < 7.0), smoke amines such as nicotine are considered to be protonated and have relatively... 

Cd in air occurs in particulate form, and thus is in fact a dry aerosol, comparable with smoke of a cigarette. It is clear from this example that the distribution of a dry aerosol in a volume of air will be far less homogeneous than in case of a wet aerosol or gas. Moreover, a tendency to deposition occurs, which depends on the particle size. Cd-A can thus be measured directly as the concentration in air or as deposit (Herber. 1993). 

The absorption of inhaled Cd in air is 10-50% the absorption of Cd in cigarette smoke also 10-50%. Absorption is dependent of particle size and type of compound respirable particles of a diameter below 5 nm and water soluble particles will probably absorb the best. 

By what factor does the average particle size of tobacco smoke increase as a result of coagulation during the 2 s that it takes for the smoke to travel from the cigarette to the smoker s lungs Assume that the inhaled concentration is 10cm and that the initial aerosol diameter is 20 nm. 

Cd in air (Cd-A) occurs in particulate form and is in fact a dry aerosol, comparable to cigarette smoke. It is clear from this example that the distribution of a dry aerosol in a volume of air will be far less homogeneous than a wet aerosol or gas. Moreover, a tendency to deposition occurs, which depends on the particle size. Cd-A can thus be assessed directly as the concentration in air or as deposit. In cities Cd-A ranged from 0.006 to 0.36 p-g/m in the USA, from 0.002 to 0.05 p,g/m in Europe (both annual mean values), and from 0.01 to 0.053 p,g/m in Japan (mean of several months). In remote areas these values are a factor of 10-1000 lower, whereas in polluted areas much higher values may be found [9]. An important source of Cd in homes can be floor dust. The presence of Cd in floor dust presents a possible risk to young children who accidentally ingest dust by hand-to-mouth activity [4]. 

Fig. 5.11. Relative activity size distribution of the radon decay product aerosols in air containing a high particle concentration of combustion aerosol from diesel engines and cigarette smoke. —, mine air (working + diesel engine) AMDa = 201 nm. - - room air (+ cigarette smoke) AMDa = 270 nm.

After inhalation exposure, the absorption of Cd compotmds varies greatly depending on the physico-chemical properties of the Cd compounds involved, site of deposition in the lungs and particle size [22]. In the Itmgs, deposition, mucociliary clearance, and alveolar clearance determine the absorption of inhaled particles. Large particles, dusts (>10 pm in diameter) tend to be deposited in the upper airways, while small particles, fumes, cigarette smoke (approximately 0.1 pm in diameter) penetrate into the alveoli, which are the major site of absorption. Between 50-100% of Cd in the alveoli are transferred to the blood. In the average... 

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