Cigarette filter

Most of the acetic acid is produced in the United States, Germany, Great Britain, Japan, France, Canada, and Mexico. Total annual production in these countries is close to four million tons. Uses include the manufacture of vinyl acetate [108-05-4] and acetic anhydride [108-24-7]. Vinyl acetate is used to make latex emulsion resins for paints, adhesives, paper coatings, and textile finishing agents. Acetic anhydride is used in making cellulose acetate fibers, cigarette filter tow, and ceUulosic plastics. 

The predominant cellulose ester fiber is cellulose acetate, a partially acetylated cellulose, also called acetate or secondary acetate. It is widely used in textiles because of its attractive economics, bright color, styling versatiUty, and other favorable aesthetic properties. However, its largest commercial appHcation is as the fibrous material in cigarette filters, where its smoke removal properties and contribution to taste make it the standard for the cigarette industry. Cellulose triacetate fiber, also known as primary cellulose acetate, is an almost completely acetylated cellulose. Although it has fiber properties that are different, and in many ways better than cellulose acetate, it is of lower commercial significance primarily because of environmental considerations in fiber preparation. 

Table 3. World Production of Cellulose Acetate Cigarette Filter Tow, 10 t...

The two principal markets for cellulose acetate are textiles and cigarette filters. 

Fig. 12. Cellulose acetate cigarette filter tow (a) as supplied and (b) "opened" for cigarette-filter rod preparation.

Fig. 14. Section of cellulose acetate cigarette filter tow showing crimp configuration.

Sodium tungstate is used in the manufacture of heteropolyacid color lakes, which are used in printing inks, plants, waxes, glasses, and textiles. It is also used as a fuel-ceU electrode material and in cigarette filters. Other uses include the manufacture of tungsten-based catalysts, for fireproofing of textiles, and as an analytical reagent for the deterrnination of uric acid. 

From 1980 to 1988, aimual cellulose acetate flake production in the United States showed a slight decrease in production from 392,000 t to 323,000 t with an aimual decline of —0.4 to —0.1% (Table 6). World demand for cellulose acetate flake has also fallen. A modest recovery has occurred in recent years as a result of the increased demand for cigarette-filter tow world consumption of cigarette-filter tow has risen about 2.5% per year since 1980 (Tables 7 and 8). In contrast, world demand for textile fibers and cellulose ester plastics decline 4.6% and 4.2% per year, respectively (Fig. 9). 

Year Cigarette-filter tow Textile fibers Cellulose acetate plastics Total... 

Year Textile fibers Cigarette-filter tow Plastics Total... 

Data for textile fibers and cigarette-filter tow include Eastern Europe and the People s Republic of China. 

Demand for cellulose acetate flake in the United States is projected to decline slightly from 1988 to 1993. Cigarette-filter tow for export is the only market projected to grow. Cellulose acetate for textile fibers is expected to decline, as will flake demand for plastics, with the growth of photographic films somewhat offsetting declining markets in other plastics end uses. 

Cellulose ester flake production for nonfiber appHcations represents a small part of the total U.S. output. Cigarette-filter tow and cellulose acetate textile fibers consume more than 80% of flake production (104). 

CIE color system, 7 304. See also Commission Internationale de l clairage (CIE) chromacity diagrams, 7 313-315 standard illuminants, 7 315-316 CIEDE200 color difference equation, 7 322 CIELAB, 7 304 CIELAB Color Space, 7 320 CIELAB color values, of flax fiber, 11 614t Cielab dye nomenclature system, 9 244 CIELAB Metric Color Spaces, 7 320 CIELAB system, 19 428, 451 CIELUV Color Space, 7 319-320 CIE Standard Observer, 7 311-312 Cigarette filters... 

More than 65% of the acetic acid produced in the United States goes into vinyl acetate. Nearly all the vinyl acetate ends up as polyvinyl acetate, used to make plastics, latex paints, and adhesives. About 12% of acetic acid is converted to acetic anhydride that is mostly used to make cellulose acetate, the white stuff in cigarette filters. It is also used in the manufacture of plastic sheeting and film and in formulating lacquers. 

Acetic acid, CH3COOH, can be made by the oxidation of acetaldehyde, CH3CHO by catalytic addition of CO to methanol or by butane oxidation. Most acetic acid is used to make vinyl acetate or cellulose acetate, which are the intermediates for plastics, paints, adhesives, yarn, and cigarette filters. 

Of all the design characteristics of cigarettes, filter ventilation may be the most important in determining machine-smoked yields (Djordjevic et al. 1995), as well as the most important determinant of the differences in machine-smoked yields and human smoking behavior and smoke exposure. Filter ventilation dilutes mainstream... 

Table 9.2 summarizes the uses of acetic acid. Vinyl acetate is another top 50 chemical. Acetic anhydride is used to make cellulose acetate and at times has been in the top 50 chemicals itself. Cellulose acetate is a polymer used mainly as a fiber in clothing and cigarette filters. Ethyl acetate is a common organic solvent. Acetic acid is used as a solvent in the manufacture of terephthalic acid (TA) and dimethyl terephthalate (DMT), which are monomers for the synthesis of poly(ethylene terephthalate), the polyester of the textile industry. A minor household use of acetic acid is as a 3-5% aqueous solution, which is called vinegar. 

Cigarette filters, 61% yam (especially for apparel, curtains, draperies, bedspreads, quilt covers), 39%. 

Acetate Not less than 92% OH groups acetylated Fast-drying, supple, wide range of dyeability, shrink-resistant Dresses, shirts, slacks, draperies, upholstery, cigarette filters Estron, Celanese acetate... 

Magnesium acetate is used in the manufacture of rayon fiber for cigarette filters and as a fixative for dyes in textile printing. It also is used as an antiseptic and disinfectant. 

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