Cigarettes passive smoking

Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) mixture of smoke from the burning end of a cigarette, pipe, or cigar and smoke exhaled by the smoker (also secondhand smoke or passive smoking). 

Figure 1. The age-specific incidence of lung cancer deaths in male cigarette smokers and nonsmokers (Kahn, 1966, Appendix Table A). The lifetime incidence for nonsmokers includes lung cancers attributable to passive smoking, asbestos inhalation, and other occupational exposures.

Since chronic inhalation of cigarette smoke may result in squamous metaplasia in the respiratory mucosa, the risk of lung cancer due to inhalation of carcinogenic chromium compounds may be exacerbated in individuals who smoke cigarettes or are excessively exposed to passive smoke (Albert 1991). 

Flarke H-P, Baars A, Frahm B, et al. 1972. The problem of passive smoking Concentration of smoke constituents in the air of large and small rooms as a function of number of cigarettes smoked and time. Int Arch Arbeitsmed 29 323- 339. 

Nicotine s Dependence Liability Effects of Chronic Tobacco Use Tar, Nicotine, and Carbon Monoxide Diseases Linked to Cigarette Smoking Other Tobacco Products and Health Passive Smoking... 

Vinke JG, Kleinian A, Severijnen LW, Fokkens WJ Passive smoking causes an allergic cell infiltrate in the nasal mucosa of non-atopic children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1999 51 73-81. Holt PG Immune and inflarrrmatory function in cigarette smokers. Thorax 1987 42 241-249. Costabel U, Guzman J Effect of smoking on bronchoalveolar lavage constituents (Idler, comment). Eur Respir J 1992 5 776-779. 

Grimmer, G., H. Bohnke, and H.P. Harke Passive smoking Measnrement of concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in rooms after machine smoking of cigarettes Internal. Arch. Occnp. Environ. Hlth. 40 (1977) 83-92. 

Grimmer, G., K.W. Naujack, and G. Dettbarn Gas chromatographic determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, aza-arenes, aromatic amines in the particle and vapor phase of mainstream and sidestream smoke of cigarettes Intemat. Exptl. Toxicol. Symp. on Passive Smoking, Essen ERG (1986) pp. 1-19 Toxicol. Lett. 35 (1987) 117-124. 

Hoffmann, D. and 1. Hoffmann Significance of exposure to sidestream tobacco smoke in Environmental carcinogens. Method of analysis and exposure measurement. Vol. 9. Passive smoking, edited by l.K. O Neill, K.D. Brunnemann, B. Dodet, and D. Hoffmann, lARC, Lyon, France, lARC Sci. Publ. No. 81 (1987) 8-10. Hoffmann, D. and 1. Hoffmann On the reduction of nicotine in cigarette smoke in Nicotine, smoking, and the low-tar programme, edited by N. Wald and P. Froggatt, Oxford University Press, New York, NY (1988) 200-211. 

Matsushita, H. and T. Mori Nitrogen dioxide and nit-rosamine levels in indoor air and sidestream smoke of cigarettes in Indoor air, Vol. 2 Radon, passive smoking, particulates and housing epidemiology, edited by B. Berglund, T. Lindvall, and J. Sundell, Swedish Council for Building Research, Stockholm, Sweden (1984) 335-340. 

Environmental—recent exposures (such as close contact with meningitis or respiratory tract infection, contaminated foods), active or passive exposure to cigarette smoke, close living conditions... 

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