Cigarette smoke, analysis

Bmimemann, K.D., D. Hoffmann, C.G. Gairola, and B.C. Lee Low ignition propensity cigarettes Smoke analysis for carcinogens and testing for mutagenic activity of the smoke particulate matter Food Chem. Toxicol. 10 (1994) 917-922. 

Graham, J.F. Cigarette smoke analysis by computer-GLC Beitr. Tabakforsch. 5 (1970) 220-228. 

Wingen, L. M. Low, J. C. Pinlayson-Pitts, B. J. Chromatography, Absorption, and Pluorescence A New Instrumental Analysis Experiment on the Measurement of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Cigarette Smoke, ... 

The analysis of cigarette smoke for 16 different polyaromatic hydrocarbons is described in this experiment. Separations are carried out using a polymeric bonded silica column with a mobile phase of 50% v/v water, 40% v/v acetonitrile, and 10% v/v tetrahydrofuran. A notable feature of this experiment is the evaluation of two means of detection. The ability to improve sensitivity by selecting the optimum excitation and emission wavelengths when using a fluorescence detector is demonstrated. A comparison of fluorescence detection with absorbance detection shows that better detection limits are obtained when using fluorescence. 

Analysis for the butanals is most conveniendy carried out by gas chromatography. Trace quantities of -butyraldehyde (18 ppb) in exhaust gases have been determined employing a combination of capillary gas chromatography with thermionic detection (35). Sinulady, trace amounts of -butyraldehyde in cigarette smoke and coffee aroma have been determined by various capillary gc techniques (36,37). 

A Del Electronics, Model ESP-100A, electrostatic precipitator was used for sample collection. Cigarette smoke particles were found to give approx the same particle distribution pattern on the collection filter paper as the gunshot residue, and since the smoke stains the paper, this provided a v rapid technique for optimizing operation conditions. With a flow rate of 15cfm and a corona current of 125 uA, the residue collects primarily on a narrow band across the sample paper. Samples were collected on Whatman No 1541 filter paper which lined the inside of the sample collection tube. The presence of this paper allowed air to flow only thru the center of the tube, so particle collection was made upon the filter paper exclusively. The filter paper samples were pelletized prior to neutron activation analysis... 

Rohsenow DJ, Monti PM, Colby SM, et al Naltrexone treatment for alcoholics effect on cigarette smoking rates. Nicotine Tob Res 5 231-236, 2003 Rose JE, Levin ED Concurrent agonist-antagonist administration for the analysis and treatment of drug dependence. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 41 219—226, 1991 Rose JE, Behm FM, Westman EC, et al Mecamylamine combined with nicotine skin patch facilitates smoking cessation beyond nicontine patch treatment alone. Clin Pharmacol Ther 56 86-99, 1994... 

In order to ascertain that the NDELA formation does not occur as a result of trapping of the smoke or during the analysis, we added diethanolamine to tobacco prior to extraction with ethyl acetate in the presence of ascorbic acid. The control value for NDELA was 121 ppb and the experiment with 5.5 iqg diethanolamine addition yielded 113 ppb NDELA. For control of the smoke analysis we added 5.5 mg of DELA in the solvent trap and smoked cigarettes known to be free of DELA. Analysis of the trapped material showed no significant quantities of NDELA, so that artifactual formation of this nitrosamine during smoke collection and analysis can be ruled out. 

The smoke analysis of cigarettes made from the same tobacco blend, but with and without filter tips revealed that cellulose acetate retains TSNA selectively (Table VIIl). This phenomenon is clearly established for a large number of filter cigarettes. 

A study of 398 male and 133 female civil servants in London, England, measured blood pressure, PbB, and serum creatinine concentration the study found no correlation between blood pressure and PbB after adjustment for significant covariates, including sex, age, cigarette smoking, alcohol intake, and body mass index in a stepwise multiple regression analysis (Staessen et al. 1990). 

In adults, a study of 75 autopsies of persons who had resided in a soft-water, leached soil region of North Carolina found a positive correlation between lead level in the aorta and death from heart-related disease (Voors et al. 1982). The association persisted after adjustment for the effect of age. A similar correlation was found between cadmium levels in the liver and death from heart-related disease. (Aortic lead and liver cadmium levels were considered to be suitable indices of exposure.) The effects of the two metals appeared to be additive. Potential confounding variables other than age were not included in the analysis. The investigators stated that fatty liver (indicative of alcohol consumption) and cigarette smoking did not account for the correlations between lead, cadmium and heart-disease death. 

Costenbader, K.H. et al., Cigarette smoking and the risk of systemic lupus erythematosus a meta-analysis, Arthritis Rheum., 50, 849, 2004. 

Borgerding M, Klus H (2005) Analysis of complex mixtures - cigarette smoke. Exp Toxicol Pathol 57 43-73... 

Vanderver GB (2007) Cigarette smoking and iodine as hypothyroxinemic stressors in US women of childhearing age a NHANES III analysis. Thyroid 17 741-746... 

A longitudinal analysis of pulmonary function in rats during a 12 month cigarette smoke exposure. Eur Respir... 

Moree- Testa, P., M. Donzel, M. H. Bergerol, and M. M. Luzinier. Determination of pyridinic and pyrazinic compounds in tobacco and cigarette smoke. Ann Tab Sect 1974 1(12) 27. Richter, M. Composition of essential oils in tobacco. III. Analysis of phenolic fraction. Ber Inst Tabakforsch (Dresden) 1974 21 52. 

Moldoveanu S. C. Kiser M. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry versus liquid chromatography/fluorescence detection in the analysis of phenols in mainstream cigarette smoke Journal of Chromatography A 2007 1141(1) 90-97. 

While the problem of relating sensory response to a simple mixture is difficult, this is compounded when efforts are made to relate sensory response to the thousands of components contained in cigarette smoke. As with many food systems, the differences are essentially quantitative rather than qualitative. The use of multivariate techniques are essential since they are designed to deal with all the peaks of a chromatographic profile. Fortunately, many of these components are highly correlated with others, and therefore simpler variables can be extracted through techniques such as factor analysis. 

The two research investigations reported here - the sensory quality control specification model and the application of sensory and analytical data for defining differences in tobacco aroma - both demonstrate the usefulness of multivariate analysis techniques for analyzing analytical and sensory data as well as correlating these data. Although these tasks do not compare in complexity to that of the prediction of sensory response to analytical data collected on cigarette smoke, our research to date has revealed no element which indicates that this is an impossible task. In fact, the results of these and similar... 

Several different expressions of risk may be quoted in an analysis, e.g., a risk averaged ov a whole population, an age-spedfic risk, or a risk for a particularly susceptible individual or subgroup. Such an individual or subgroup might be more susceptible because of genetic predisposition, exposine to another risk factor, e.g., cigarette smoke, or other reasons. 

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