Cigarettes trends

Owen, T.B. Tar and nicotine from U. S. cigarettes Trends over the past twenty years in Modifying the risk for the smoker. Proc. 3rd World Conf. on Smoking and Health, edited by E.L. Wynder, D. Hoffmann, and G.B. Gori, 1975, DHEW Publ. No. (NIH) 76-1221 (1976) 1-12. 

Chen J, Higby R, Tian D, Tan D, Johnson MD, Xiao Y, Keller KJ, Feng S, Shields PG (2008) Toxicological analysis of low-nicotine and nicotine free-cigarettes. Toxicology 249 194-203 Connolly GN, Alpert HR (2008) Trends in the use of cigarettes and other tobacco products, 2000-2007, JAMA 299 2629-2630... 

Connolly GN, Alpert HR, Wayne GF, Koh H (2007) Trends in nicotine yield in smoke and its relationship with design characteristics among popular US cigarette brands, 1997-2005, Tob Control 16 e5, 1-8... 

Food and Drug Administration (1996). Regulations restricting the sale and distribution of cigarettes and smokeless tobacco to protect children and adolescents final rule. Fed Reg 61 44396 5318 Halliwell RF (2007) A short history of the rise of the molecular pharmacology of ionotropic drug receptors. Trends Pharmacol Sci 28(5) 214-219... 

Desflurane does not have a marked bronchodilator effect and in cigarette smokers it is associated with significant bronchoconstriction. In clinical practice, both humidification of inspired gases and opioids are thought to reduce airway irritability but even at moderate concentrations (2 MAC), desflurane is more likely to cause coughing than sevoflurane. In common with other volatile agents, desflurane causes dose-related respiratory depression. Tidal volume is reduced and respiratory rate increases, initially. As inspired concentrations of desflurane increase, the trend is to hypoventilation and hypercardia and apnoea is to be expected at concentrations of 1.5 MAC or greater. 

Allergic rhinitis with a 20% incidence which is constantly increasing in relation to environmental (smog, cigarette smoke) and climatic factors is today considered a systemic disease with the nose as the shock organ [1], This trend has, consequently, resulted in an increase in social and economic expenditure on the disease arousing interest in prevention and, particularly, in specific immunosensitizing therapy administered subcutaneously or locally [2],... 

The MTF survey is funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse. Since 1975, it has tracked illicit drug use trends and attitudes of 8th, 10th, and 12th grade students. These surveys ask students about lifetime use, past year use, past month use, and daily use of drugs, alcohol, cigarettes, and smokeless tobacco. Marijuana-specific data are broken out in the survey. 

Molarus, A., Parsons, R W., Dobson, A. J., Evans, A., Fortmann, S. P., Jamrozik, K., et al. (2001). Trends in cigarette smoking in 36 populations from the early 1980s to the mid-1990s Findings from the WHO MONICA project. American Journal of Public Health, 97,206-212. 

An analysis of the impact of some of the current standards reflects a trend which may continue through the 80s. For instance, the federal, cigarette ignition standard imposed on the mattress industry in 1973 resulted in little change in the penetration of full foam mattresses into a dominantly innerspring... 

Levasseur, G., J. Filion, and M.J. Kaiserman Trend of nicotine levels in Canadian cigarettes (1968-2005) 61st Tobacco Science Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 61, Paper No. 21, 2007, p. 27. 

Nadkami, R.A. and W.D. Ehmann Determination of hace elements in tobacco products by neuhon activation analysis Proc. 1969 Tob. and Health Workshop, Lexington, Kentucky, Tobacco and Health Research Institute, University of Kentucky, Conf. Rep. No. 1, pp. 47-57. Nadkami, R.A. and W.D. Ehmann Further analyses of University of Kentucky reference and alkaloid series cigarettes by instrumental neutron activation analysis Radiochem. Radioanal. Lett. 4 (1970) 325-335. Nadkami, R.A. and W.D. Ehmann Instrumental neutron activation analysis of tobacco products Proc. Modem Trends in Activation Analysis, Gaithersburg, MD, 1968, National Bureau of Standards (Washington, DC) Publ. No. 312(1969) 190-196. 

Acetic Anhydride. Cellulose acetate derived from acetic anhydride is used to make cigarette filter tow. Demand has begun to decline and is expected to continue this downward trend. It is also used by Eastman Chemical as an intermediate to make photographic film base, Tenite cellulose plastics, textile chemicals, and coating chemicals [13]. 

Sellick H, Widdicombe JG (1971) Stimulation of lung irritant receptors by cigarette smoke, carbon dust, and histamine aerosol, J Appl Physiol 31 15-19 Simpson PB, Challiss RA, Nahorski SR (1995) Neuronal Ca + stores Activation and function. Trends Neurosci 18 299-306... 

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