Oxidants, in cigarette smoke

Being aware of the artifactual formation of nitrogen dioxide and methyl nitrite by aging of smoke we prefer to report nitrogen oxides in cigarette smoke as NO [nitric oxide]. 

Kagan, M.R., J.A. Cunningham, and D. Hoffmaim Propylene glycol A precursor of propylene oxide in cigarette smoke 53rd Tobacco Science Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 53, Paper No. 41, 1999, p. 42. 

Lionetti, G., N. Carugno, and M. Neri Determination of nitrogen oxides in cigarette smoke with a gas-sensing electrode Proc. 6th Internat. Toh. Sci. Cong., Tokyo, Japan (1976) 177 CORESTA Inf. BuU., Spec. Edition 1976 Paper SO02, 92. 

WUhams, T.B. and C.W. Belk II An infrared method for the determination of nitric oxide in cigarette smoke 27th... 

Yamaguchi Y, Matsuno S., Kagota S., Haginaka J., Kunitomo M. Oxidants in cigarette smoke extract modify low-density lipoprotein in the plasma and facilitate ath-erogenesis in the aorta of Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbits. 2001 156 109il7. 

Phthalocyanines are excellent lubricants at temperatures of 149—343°C (191). Combinations with other lubricants, like grease, molybdenum, or tungsten sulfides, have found appHcations in the automotive industry or professional drilling equipment (192—195). Further uses include indicators for iron(Il), molybdenum(V), and uranium(IV) (196) or redox reactions (197), medical appHcations like hemoglobin replacements (198) or sterilisation indicators (199), or uses like in gas filters for the removal of nitrogen oxides from cigarette smoke (200). 

Carboline derivatives in various oxidation states have been isolated from a number of natural sources as artifacts. )3-Carboline has been obtained from charred insects, j8-carboline and l-methyl-)3-carboline have been found in cigarette smoke,and the formation of tetrahydro-j8-carboline derivatives has been shown to be responsible for the destruction of tryptophan in acid hydrolyzates of proteins. The golden-yeUow fluorescence observed when enterochromaffin cells are flxed in formaldehyde has been related to their content of... 

Truscott, T.G., Beta-carotene and disease a suggested prooxidant and anti-oxidant mechanism and speculations concerning its role in cigarette smoking, J. Photochem. Photobiol. B, 35, 233, 1996. 

It is also useful to compare the bioactivation of aminobiphenyl and sulfamethoxazole. Aminobiphenyl is a carcinogen found in cigarette smoke. Its bioactivation is similar to that of N-acctylaminolluorcnc in which the first step is oxidation to form a hydroxylamine. The... 

Oxidants are present in the environment and in foods. Nitrogen oxides are oxidants present in cigarette smoke and urban smog. Other oxidants include the copper and iron salts in meat and some plants. Inhaling and ingesting oxidants such as these can increase the level of oxidants in our bodies. 

The second study is only beginning and will attempt to correlate the effects of photochemical oxidants and cigarette-smoking in promoting chronic respiratory signs and symptoms in cohorts of adolescents and their families. Pulmonary function tests will be included. 

Acetone was detected in diesel fuel at a concentration of 22,000 pg/g (Schauer et al., 1999). Identified as an oxidative degradation product in the headspace of a used engine oil (10-30W) after 4,080 miles (Levermore et al., 2001). Acetone also was detected in automobile exhaust at concentrations ranging from 0.09 to 4.50 mg/m (Grimaldi et al, 1996) and in cigarette smoke at concentrations ranging from 498 to 869 mg/m (Euler et al., 1996). 

Synonyms nitrogen peroxide Formula N02 MW 46.01 CAS [10102-44-0] occurs in the exhausts of automobiles and in cigarette smoke produced by the reaction of nitric acid with metals and decomposition of nitrates or during fire reddish-brown fuming liquid or gas sharp pungent odor liquefies at 21°C solidifies at -9.3°C density of liquid 1.45 at 20°C vapor 1.58 (air= 1) reacts with water to form nitric acid and nitrogen oxide reacts with alkalies to form nitrates and nitrites highly toxic. 

Benzo(a)pyrene in cigarette smoke coats the lung surface and is absorbed into cells which oxidize benzo(a)pyrene to convert it into a more polar and hence water-soluble form for excretion. The oxidized form intercalates at GC base pairs and modifies guanine bases... 

A major predisposing factor for developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is cigarette smoking. It now is believed that i-PI is inactivated either directly by oxidants in the smoke or by myeloperoxidase which is released from leukocytes (7). The interrelationship between i-PI, elastase, and emphysema is shown schematically in Figure 1. 

Benzo(a)pyrene (found in cigarette smoke) Carcinogen Metabolic oxidation Benzo(a)pyrene- hydroquinone Highly carcinogenic... 

Benzo[c]pyrene, a more complicated PAH shown in Figure 17.3, is formed by the incomplete combustion of organic materials. It is found in cigarette smoke, automobile exhaust, and the fumes from charcoal grills. When ingested or inhaled, benzo[a]pyrene and other similar PAHs are oxidized to carcinogenic products, as discussed in Section 9.17. 

Benzo[a]pyrene, produced by the incomplete oxidation of organic compounds in tobacco, is found in cigarette smoke. 

Ethylene oxide is a gas at room temperature and pressure therefore, inhalation is the primary route of exposure. Dermal exposures may occur to liquid ethylene oxide that exists at temperatures below 11°C however, rapid evaporation minimizes the opportunity for absorption. Background exposures to ethylene oxide occur due to its presence in cigarette smoke and automobile exhaust as well as its conversion from ethylene normally present in the body as the result of metabolic processes and the consumption of plants where it is a natural hormone. 

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