Hydrocarbon catalysts

Cerium is a component of misch metal, which is extensively used in the manufacture of pyrophoric alloys for cigarette lighters. While cerium is not radioactive, the impure commercial grade may contain traces of thorium, which is radioactive. The oxide is an important constituent of incandescent gas mantles and is emerging as a hydrocarbon catalyst in self cleaning ovens. In this application it can be incorporated into oven walls to prevent the collection of cooking residues. 

Catalysis and Surface Science Developments in Chemicals from Methanol, Hydrotreating of Hydrocarbons, Catalyst Preparation, Monomers and Polymers, Photocatalysis and Photovoltaics, edited by Heinz Heinemann and Gabor A. Somorjai... 

Catalytic coke is a byproduct of the cracking of FCC feed to lighter products. Its yield is a function of conversion, catalyst type, and hydrocarbon/catalyst residence time in the reactor. 

Reactant hydrocarbon Catalyst Reaction temper- ature (°C) Initial product distribution0 (mole percent) Proportion of cyclic product (mole percent) ... 

Starting hydrocarbon Catalyst Ethyl- benzene Aromatic selectivity (%) Xylenes Toluene... 

Hydrocarbon Catalyst size Temp. Conversion Ratio... 

Isomate process a continuous, nonregenerative process for isomerizing C5-C8 normal paraffinic hydrocarbons, using aluminum chloride-hydrocarbon catalyst with anhydrous hydrochloric acid as a promoter. 

In the autoxidation of neat hydrocarbons, catalyst deactivation is often due to the formation of insoluble salts of the catalyst with certain carboxylic acids that are formed as secondary products. For example, in the cobalt stearate-catalyzed oxidation of cyclohexane, an insoluble precipitate of cobalt adipate is formed. 18fl c Separation of the rates of oxidation into macroscopic stages is not usually observed in acetic acid, which is a better solvent for metal complexes. Furthermore, carboxylate ligands may be destroyed by oxidative decarboxylation or by reaction with alkyl hydroperoxides. The result is often a precipitation of the catalyst as insoluble hydroxides or oxides. The latter are neutralized by acetic acid and the reactions remain homogeneous. 

Certain halogenated compounds will condense with paraffinic, olefinic, or aromatic hydrocarbons. Catalysts for these reactions are of the Ftiedel-Crafts type. Thus, the condensation of alkyl halides with ethylene in the presence of aluminum chloride, zinc chloride, iron chloride, etc., furnishes higher alkyl halides. An example is the reaction of /-butyl chloride and ethylene to form l-chloro-3,3-dimethylbutane (75%). ... 

Hydrocarbon Catalyst Reaction Conditions Temperature (°C) S/C Ratio Results Reference... 

Hydrocarbon Catalyst Temperature Range (°C) Pressure (MPa) Order with Respect to Hydrocarbon Steam Activation Energy (kJ/mol)... 

CONTROL OF CATALYST PERFORMANCE IN SELECTIVE OXIDATION OF LIGHT HYDROCARBONS CATALYST DESIGN AND OPERATIONAL CONDITIONS... 

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