Contamination, petroleum

Polycychc aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are carcinogens produced by the thermal breakdown of organic materials. These are widely distributed in both food and the environment, and are some of the principal carcinogens in cigarette tar and air pollution. Of over 20 PAHs isolated, benzopyrene and quinoline compounds are the most commonly encountered in foods, particularly those which are broiled or fried (111). Shellfish living in petroleum contaminated waters may also contain PAHs (112). 

D. L. RusseU, Kemediation Manualfor Petroleum-Contaminated Sites Technomic Publishing Co., Inc., Lancaster, Pa., 1992. 

Herbes SE, LR Schwall (1978) Microbial transformation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in pristine and petroleum-contaminated sediments. Appl Environ Microbiol 35 306-316. 

Bogardt AH, BB Hemmingsen (1992) Enumeration of phenanthrene-degrading bacteria by an overlay technique and its use in evaluation of petroleum-contaminated sites. Appl Environ Microbiol 58 2579-2582. 

Coates JD, J Woodward, J Allen, P Philip, DR Lovley (1997) Anaerobic degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and alkanes in petroleum-contaminated marine harbor sediments. Appl Environ Microbiol 63 3589-3593. 

Sarand I, S Timonen, E-L Nurmiaho-Lassila, T Koivula, K Haatela, M Romantschuk, R Sen (1998) Microbial biofilms and catabolic plasmid harbouring degradative fluorescent pseudomonads in Scots pine mycor-rhizospheres developed on petroleum contaminated soil. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 27 115-126. 

Tends to remove oxygenates when used to treat other petroleum contaminants (such as petroleum hydrocarbons)... 

FIGURE 24.6 Typical zones downgradient of petroleum contaminant. (Adapted from U.S. EPA, Technologies for Treating MTBE and Other Fuel Oxygenates, EPA 542-R-04-009, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, May 2004.)... 

Farrington JW (1973) Analytical techniques for the determination of petroleum contamination in marine organisms. AD Report No.766792/6 US National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA... 

Hoffman, D.J. and PH. Albers. 1984. Evaluation of potential embryotoxicity and teratogenicity of 42 herbicides, insecticides, and petroleum contaminants to mallard eggs. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 13 15-27. 

Potter TL. 1993. Analysis of petroleum contaminated soil and water An overview. In Calabrese EJ, Kostecki PT, eds. Principles and practices for petroleum contaminated soils. Ann Arbor, MI Lewis Publishers, 1-14. 

Colligan, T. H. and LaManna, J. M., 1993, Using Ultraviolet Light to Investigate Petroleum-Contaminated Soil Remediation, Spring, pp. 193-201. 

Kaplan, I. R., 1989, Forensic Geochemistry in Characterization of Petroleum Contaminants in Soils and Groundwater In Environmental Concerns in the Petroleum Industry (edited by S. M. Testa), Pacific Section of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Symposium Volume, pp. 159-181. 

Kaplan, I. R., 1992, Characterizing Petroleum Contaminants in Soil and Water and Determining Source of Pollutants In Proceedings of the American Petroleum Institute Conference on Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Organic Chemicals in Ground Water Prevention, Detection and Restoration, pp. 3-18. 

Fan, C.-Y., and Krishnamurthy, S., 1995, Enzymes for Enhancing Bioremediation of Petroleum-Contaminated Soils A Brief Review Air and Waste Management Association, Vol. 45, June, pp. 453 -60. 

Farmer, V. E., Jr., 1983, Behavior of Petroleum Contaminants in an Underground Environment In Proceedings of the Canadian Environment Seminar on Ground Water and Petroleum Hydrocarbons, June 26-28, Toronto, Ontario. 

Downey, D. C., Hinchee, R. E., and Miller, R. N. (editors), 1999, Cost-Effective Remediation and Closure of Petroleum-Contaminated Sites. Battelle Press, Columbus, OH, 297 pp. 

Oil pollution of water. 2. Groundwater—Purification. I. Winegardner, Duane L. II. Testa, Stephen M. Restoration of petroleum-contaminated aquifers. III. Title. 

Troxler, W.L., J.J. Cudahy, R.P. Zink, J.J. Yezzi, and S.I. Rosenthal. 1993. Treatment of nonhazardous petroleum-contaminated soils by thermal desorption technologies. Journal of die Air Waste Management Association 43(11) 1512-1525. 

Analysis for total petroleum hydrocarbons (EPA Method 418.1) provides a one-number value of the petroleum hydrocarbons in a given environmental medium. It does not, however, provide information on the composition (i.e., individual constituents) of the hydrocarbon mixture. The amount of hydrocarbon contaminants measured by this method depends on the ability of the solvent used to extract the hydrocarbon from the environmental media and the absorption of infrared light (infrared spectroscopy) by the hydrocarbons in the solvent extract. The method is not specific to hydrocarbons and does not always indicate petroleum contamination, since humic acid, a nonpetroleum material and a constituents of many soils, can be detected by this method. 

There are many recommended sampling protocols (Table 6.2). The sampling methods used for petroleum hydrocarbons are generally thought of as methods for determination of the total petroleum hydrocarbons. In part due to the complexity of the components of the total petroleum hydrocarbons fractions, little is known about their potential for health or environmental impacts. As gross measures of petroleum contamination, the total petroleum hydrocarbons data simply show that petroleum hydrocarbons are present in the sampled media. Measured total petroleum hydrocarbons values suggest the relative potential for human exposure and therefore the relative potential for human health effects. 

Once the sample preparation is complete, there are several approaches to the analysis of petroleum constituents in the water and soil (1) leachability or toxicity of the sample, (2) the amounts of total petroleum hydrocarbons in the sample, (3) petroleum group analysis, and (4) fractional analysis of the sample. These methods measure different petroleum constituents that might be present in petroleum-contaminated environmental media. 

The analysis for the total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) in a sample as a means of evaluating petroleum-contaminated sites is also an analytical method in common use. The data are used to establish target cleanup levels for soil or water by regulatory agencies in the United States and in many other countries. 

Petroleum group analyses are conducted to determine amounts of the petroleum compound classes (e.g., saturates, aromatics, and polars/resins) present in petroleum-contaminated samples. This type of measurement is sometimes used to identify fuel type or to track plumes. It may be particularly useful for higher-boiling products such as asphalt. Group-type test methods include multidimensional gas chromatography (not often used for environmental samples), high-performance... 

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