Cigarettes tobacco

Since cigarette tobacco already contains several micrograms of the TSNA, we determined the transfer rate of NNN into the smoke by spiking the tobacco column with NNN-2 - C. The smoke from such radiolabeled cigarettes is then analyzed by HPLC and the amount of unchanged NNN-2 - C is determined by liquid scintillation counting. Independent of the smoke pH, about 11% of the radioactive NNN is found in the mainstream smoke thus 41-46% of mainstream smoke NNN stems from the tobacco NNN and 54-59% are pyrosynthesized (11). 

Kaiserman MJ, Rickeryt WS (1992) Carcinogens in tobacco smoke benzo[a]pyrene from Canadian cigarettes and cigarette tobacco. Am L Pub Health 82 1023-1026 Kozlowski LT, Mehta NY, Sweeney CT, Schwartz SS, Vogler GP, Jarvis MJ, West RJ (1998) Filter ventilation and nicotine content of tobacco of cigarettes from Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Tob Control 7 369-375... 

Munita CS, Mazzilli BP. 1986. Determination of trace elements in Brazilian cigarette tobacco by neutron activation analysis. J Radioanal NucI Chem 108 217-228. 

Neton JW, Ibrahim SA. 1978. Alpha emitting radio nuclides in cigarette tobacco. Health Phys 35 922. 

Wallace. The influence of cigarette tobacco smoke products on the immune response. The cellular basis of immunosuppression by a water-soluble condensate of tobacco smoke. Immunology 1980 40(4) 621-627. 

The Ge(Li) gamma-ray spectrum of thermal neutron irradiated cigarette tobacco as obtained in our laboratory is shown in Fig. 8. In this case a 50 day decay period has eliminated the major portion of interferences from sodium, potassium and phosphorus activities. Assignments of photopeaks in this figure may be regarded as tentative, since half-lives of the individual peaks were not followed. As many as fifteen elements have been determined in tobacco products and biological standard kale... 

The chromium content in cigarette tobacco from the United States has been reported to be 0.24-6.3 mg/kg (IARC 1980), but neither the chemical form nor the amount of chromium in tobacco smoke is known. People who use tobacco products may be exposed to higher than normal levels of chromium. 

Tobacco few flakes of cigarette tobacco (Camel), tea bag soaked for 1 min... 

Ethyl acetate extract of chewing gum Methanol-0.1 M NaOH extract of cigarette tobacco Dog plasma, rat bile and human urine Diluted urine... 

Pesch H-J, Bloss S, Schubert J, et al. 1992. The mercury cadmium and lead content of cigarette tobacco Comparative analytical-statistical studies in 1987 and 1991 employing Zeeman-AAS. Fresenius J Anal Chem 343(1) 152-153. 

Certain important industrial processes are based on the high solubility of organic species in supercritical carbon dioxide. For example, this medium has been employed to extract caffeine from coffee beans to produce decaffeinated coffee and to extract nicotine from cigarette tobacco. 

Tricker, A. R., Ditrich, C., and Preussmann, R., V-nitroso compounds in cigarette tobacco and their occurrence in mainstream tobacco smoke. Carcinogenesis, 12, 257-261, 1991. 

Smoking is an important indoor source of fine and coarse particles, with estimated increases of 25 to 45 pg m PM2.5 in homes with smokers (Wallace, 1996). Previously, Fishbein (1991) summarized concentration data for a range of metals, metalloids, and radioactive elements in cigarette tobacco, mainstream smoke, and side-stream smoke. Ligocki et al. (1995) estimated that indoor air metal concentrations in homes with smokers exceed those in homes without smokers by an average increment of 1.3 ng m for Cd, 0.18 ng m for As, and 21 pg m for Cr, consistent with other studies (e.g., Lioy etal., 1992 Lead-erer etal., 1994 Landsberger and Wu,... 

Martin and Thacker (2478) described the quantitation of several aldehydes (piperonal, ethylvanillin, vanillin) used as flavorants in cigarette tobacco. 

Tryptophan was also found to be the precursor in tobacco of two other A-heterocyclic compounds, namely harman (l-methyl-9A-pyrido[3,4-(i]indole) and norharman (9A-pyrido[3,4- ]indole), in tobacco smoke. These compounds were originally identified in tobacco and tobacco smoke by Philip Morris R D personnel in 1961 and 1962 [Poindexter and Carpenter (2972)] and in 1963 [Poindexter et al. (2972)]. That tryptophan was indeed a precursor in tobacco of the two barmans in smoke was demonstrated by addition of radiolabeled tryptophan to cigarette tobacco and identification of radiolabeled harman and norharman in the MSS. 

Table lV.B-6 lists the tobacco and/or smoke amino acids that, according to the Doull et al. listing (1053), are or have been used recently as components in flavor formulations for tobacco. In their tabulation of possible fla-vorants for tobacco smoking products, Leffingwell et al. (2341) listed the contributions to tobacco smoke taste and aroma of twenty-three amino acids added individually to cigarette tobacco filler. 

As Rodgman noted, the compounds added as ingredients to cigarette tobacco may fall into one of the following categories ... 

Of the 460 individual ingredients listed by Doull et al. [1053, see Table 1 in (3266)], 117 (25%) are esters (Table V-1) and all have been approved for use by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or by the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association (FEMA). Of the 117 esters listed by Doull et al., 46 (39%) have been identihed in untreated cigarette tobacco and/or its smoke (indicated by -1- in Table V-1) and 18 are either an homolog (indicated by H in Table V-1) or an isomer (indicated by I in Table V-1) of a known tobacco and/or smoke component. 

Newell reported in 1963 that (1) inclusion in cigarette tobacco of 3- " C-coumarin 1 gave no dicumarol II in either the MSS or the sidestream smoke (SSS) and (2) inclusion in cigarette tobacco of unlabeled dicumarol gave no dicumarol 11 in either the MSS or the SSS (2757). Of the... 

At the same conference, Hoffmann and Wynder (1798) also discnssed the percent rednction of the PAH content, spe-cihcally the B[a]P content, of the cigarette CSC by inclnsion of RTS in the cigarette tobacco blend. Althongh analytical data on the decrease in TPM, B[a]P, and phenol yields were presented graphically, they had no comment on the signih-cant percent reduction in the phenol content of the MSS, a percent rednction that exceeded that of the B[a]P content. 

Although their data showed that an increase in the nitrate content of cigarette tobacco reduced the levels of FTC tar , nicotine, carbon monoxide, catechol, and B[a]P, Adams et al. (28) emphasized that significantly higher yields of volatile NNAs and TSNAs were found in the MSS of an 85-mm nonfiltered cigarette. They concluded ... 

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