Cigarette smoke alkaloids

Gocze, P. M., and D. A. Freeman. Cytotoxic effects of cigarette smoke alkaloids inhibit the progesterone production and cell growth of cultured MA-10 Leydig tumor cells. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2000, 93(1) 77-83. 

Nonvolatile Nitrosamines In Tobacco Smoke. Although there are more than 10 million exsmokers in the U.S.A., 53 million adults continue to smoke cigarettes and an additional 10 million still smoke cigars or pipes (39). The cigarette smokers are exposed to about 10 ng of volatile nitrosamines, 20-40 ng of NDELA and, most importantly, to 1-10 pg of tobacco specific N-nitros-amines with each cigarette smoked (Table IV). Similar quantities of the TSNA are found in sidestream smoke. The quantities of TSNA in the smoke are dependent on nitrate, nitrite, tobacco alkaloids and on NNN, NNK and NAT in the tobacco itself (31)>... 

Clark MS, Rand Ml, Vanov S (1965) Comparison of pharmacological activity of nicotine and related alkaloids occurring in cigarette smoke. Arch Int de Pharmacodynamic et de Therapie 156 363-379... 

The natural sources of carbazole alkaloids are listed in Table 2.1. Carbazole and various alkylcarbazoles have also been obtained from other sources, such as coal tar, petroleum oil, soil humus, the polluted atmosphere of industrial areas, as well as cigarette smoke. 

Desai, and S. S. Hecht. Evidence for endogenous formation of tobacco—specific nitrosamines in rats treated with tobacco alkaloids and sodium nitrite. Carcinogenesis 1997 18(3) 587—592. NT257 Mendez-Alvarez, E., R. Soto-Otero, I. Sanchez-Sellero, and M. Lopez-Ri-vadulla Lamas. Inhibition of brain monoamine oxidase by adducts of 1, 2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline with components of cigarette smoke. Life Sci 1997 60(19) 1719-1727. 

Another toxin found in plants, in particular tobacco (which is similar to coniine and is another alkaloid), is nicotine. This substance, with which we are aU familiar, is a very toxic chemical, and its presence in cigarette smoke is the essential ingredient that smokers crave. The tobacco plant and the habit of smoking the leaves, known as tobago, was probably first seen by Columbus and his crew in South America. Sir Walter Raleigh also saw the plant in his travels to the new continent of America. Leaves from the plant were sent back to Europe in the mid sixteenth century, and an explorer by the name of Jean Nicot de Villemain sent some seeds back to Europe. He helped to popularize the habit as a panacea, which became widespread in the sixteenth century. From the explorer s name and the name given to the practice of smoking, the plant was called Nicotiana tabacum. The active substance it contained, isolated in 1828, was called nicotine. 

COtinine [inn] is an alkaloid from leaf tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and is also detected in Duboisia hopwoodii (Solanaceae). It is a nicotine metabolite, used as a biomarker for exposure to cigarette smoke. It shows ANTIDEPRESSANT and other behavioural effects in animals, cothromboplastin factorVII. 

Some chemicals can have multiple effects on fertility. Alkaloids in cigarette smoke, nicotine, cotinine, and anabasine, administered alone or as a mixed aqueous extract of cigarette smoke, for example, inhibit progesterone synthesis and have a cytotoxic effect that reduces the fertilization, implantation, and embryonic viability. I7... 

Gocze PM, Porpaczy Z, Freeman DA. Effect of alkaloids in cigarette smoke on human granulose cell progesterone synthesis and cell viability. Gynecol Endocrinol 1996 10(4) 223 8. 

Brown, E.V. and I. Ahmad Alkaloids of cigarette smoke condensate Phytochemistry 11 (1972) 3485-3490. 

CORESTA Standard Method No. 12 Determination of alkaloids in cigarette smoke condensate CORESTA Inf. Bull. 1969(2) 7-8. 

Diffee, J.T. Spectrophotometric determination of total carotenoids in cured and green tobacco leaves 28th Tobacco Chemists Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 28, Paper No. 37,1974, p. 26. Diffee, J.T. Automated determination of nicotine alkaloids in cigarette smoke total particulate matter RDM, 1975, No. 20, May 19, see www.ijrtdocs.com 500616251 -6262. 

Graham, B., K. Wagner, and D. Champaneri Analysis of ammonia and cyanide in cigarette smoke, total alkaloids, ammonia, nitrates, and reducing sugars in tobacco filler with an automated spectrophotometer ... 

Kobashi, Y., S. Sakaguchi, and M. Izawa Studies on the thermal decomposition of tobacco alkaloids. I. Influence of smoking procedures on combustion temperatures of cigarettes and on the nicotine content of cigarette smoke Bull. Agr. Chem. Soc. Japan 23 (1959) 528-532. Kobashi, Y, S. Sakaguchi, and M. Izawa Studies on the thermal decomposition of tobacco alkaloids, n. Influence of moisture content in cigarettes on combustion temperatures and transferred amount of nicotine into cigarette smoke BuU. Agr. Chem. Soc. Japan 23 (1959) 532-535. 

Kobashi, Y, S. Sakaguchi, and M. Izawa Studies on the thermal decomposition of tobacco alkaloids. HI. Combustion temperatmes of some unblended cigarettes and the transfer of nicotine into cigarette smoke Bull. Agr. Chem. Soc. Japan 24 (1960) 274-277. 

Matsushita, H., Y. Tsujino, D. Yoshida, A. Saito, T. Kidaki, K. Kato, and M. Noguchi New minor alkaloids in flue-cured tobacco leaf Nicotiana tabacum cv. BY-260-9) Agr. Biol. Chem. 43 (1979) 193-194. Matthews, J.E. An investigation of certain factors affecting the composition of cigarette smoke Thesis, Pennsylvania State College (1941) pp. 1-77. 

Poindexter, E.H. Jr and R.D. Carpenter The isolation and identification of harmane alkaloids in cigarette smoke 15th Tobacco Chemists Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 15, Paper No. 16, 1961, p. 8 Isolation of harmane and norharmane from cigarette smoke Chem. and Ind. (1962) 176 The isolation of harmane and norharmane from tobacco and cigarette smoke Phytochemistry 1 (1962) 215-221 Poindexter, E.H. Jr,... 

Quin, L.D. The separation and partial identification of the alkaloids of cigarette smoke by gas chromatography 12th Tobacco Chemists Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 12, Paper No. 14, 1958. Qnin, L.D. Chromatographic identification and determination of some of the nonvolatile acids of cigarette smoke Southeastern Am. Chem. Soc. Mtg., Durham, NC (1957). 

Quin, L.D. Alkaloids of tobacco smoke. I. Fractionation of some tobacco alkaloids and of the alkaloid extract of bnrley cigarette smoke by gas chromatography J. Org. Chem. 24(1959)911-914. 

Testa, A. The automatic determination of alkaloids and phenols in cigarette smoke Ann. Dir. Etudes Equipement, SEITA 8(Sect. 1) (1970) 209. 

Viart, P. and M. Bensoussan Automatic determination of alkaloids in cigarette smoke condensate Ann. Dir. Emdes Equipement, SEITA 9(Sect. 1) (1971) 123-134. Vickery, H.B. and 1. Zelitch The metabolism of the organic acids of tobacco leaves. XVll. Effect of culture of excised leaves in solutions of potassium pyruvate J. Biol. Chem. 235 (1960) 1871-1875. 

Chamberlain, W.J. Polar lipid materials in cigarette smoke condensate Tob. Sci. 20 (1976) 168-170. Chedekel, M.R. 1. Aberrant biosynthetic studies in Nicotiana tabacum and Nicotiana glauca. 11. Synthetic studies of the tobacco alkaloids. 1,4-Additions to acyl carbanion equivalents Dissertation Abstr. (1973) 2519. Chen, C.M. and D.K. Meltiz Cytokinin biosynthesis in a cell-free system from cytokinin-autotrophic tobacco tissue cultures FEBS Lett. 107 (1979) 15-20. 

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