Japan cigarettes

Most of the acetic acid is produced in the United States, Germany, Great Britain, Japan, France, Canada, and Mexico. Total annual production in these countries is close to four million tons. Uses include the manufacture of vinyl acetate [108-05-4] and acetic anhydride [108-24-7]. Vinyl acetate is used to make latex emulsion resins for paints, adhesives, paper coatings, and textile finishing agents. Acetic anhydride is used in making cellulose acetate fibers, cigarette filter tow, and ceUulosic plastics. 

A cross-sectional view of hemp fiber is shown in Figure 3b. It has a Z twist in contrast to the S twist of flax. Hemp is regarded as a substitute for flax in yam and twine. Its eadier use in ropes has been replaced by leaf and synthetic fibers. Hemp fiber is used in Japan, China, CIS, and Italy to make specialty papers, including cigarette paper, but bleaching is difficult. The fiber is coarser and has less flexibiUty than flax. 

Menthol Manufacture. Of the menthol isomers, only (-)-menthol [2216-51 -5] and (+)-menthol [15356-70-4] are of commercial importance. The most important natural sources of (—)-menthol are the oUs of Mentha arvensis (75—90%) and Mentha piperita (50—65%). The main suppUers ate Japan, China, BrazU, and Taiwan for the former and the United States, CIS, Bulgaria, and Italy for the latter. (—)-Menthol is known for its refreshing, diffusive odor characteristic of peppermint. It also is known for its strong physiological cooling effect, which is useful in cigarettes, dentifrices, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. 

In purifying mixtures of gas-forming substances, activated carbon is utilized in cigarette filters (mainly in Japan), in gas-mask filters, in venting filters for car petrol tanks (mainly in the USA and Japan) and in air conditioning units for the purification of ambient air. Industry also utilizes activated carbon for the recovery of a multiplicity of volatile solvents from the ambient air, for adsorption of poisonous or noxious gases (e.g. hydrogen sulfide) and as catalysts or catalyst supports. 

Serricornin (113, Figure 4.67) was isolated and identified in 1979 by Chuman et al. in Japan as the female-produced sex pheromone of the cigarette beetle (Lasioderma serricorne), which is a serious pest... 

Interestingly, in Japan about 80% of the men are said to smoke cigarettes, whereas in the United States the figure is only 30% — yet the U.S. death rate from lung cancer is about four times that of Japans. 

However, it shonld be noted that Candeli et al. (587) could not confirm the findings of Van Dnnren et al. on the presence of these three aza-arenes in cigarette MSS. During the next three decades, other research groups, as shown in Table IX.A-1, in Germany, Japan, and the United States were also unable to confirm the presence in cigarette MSS of dibenz[a,/t] acridine, dibenz[fl, ]acridine, and dibenzo[c,g]carbazole. 

At the CORESTA Congress in Japan, Roper et al. (23A11) presented a paper entitled Hoffmann analytes and cigarette smoke in vitro toxicity revisited - How do the data compare ... 

Carugno, N. and M.A. Perinelli Determination of trace metals in cigarette smoke by atomic absorption spectrometry Proc. 6th Intemat. Tob. Sci. Cong., Tokyo, Japan... 

Ciaravolo, S., G. Lionetti, M. Gionti, A. Nunziata, and E. Pierri Microwave-assisted extraction An efficient method for the determination of polycyclic hydrocarbons in particulate phase mainstream cigarette smoke 2004 CORESTA Congress, Kyoto, Japan, Poster SSIO Microwave-assisted extraction An efficient method for the determination of polycychc hydrocarbons in particulate phase mainstream cigarette smoke Manuscript, May (2005). 

Doihara, T., U. Kobashi, S. Sugawara, and Y. Kaburaki Studies on flavoring effect. V. The simple analysis of polyols in cigarettes by gas chromatography Sci. Papers, Cent. Res. Inst., Japan Monopoly Corp. 107 (1965) 141-145. 

Izawa, M., Y. Kobashi, and S. Sakaguchi Fractionation of cigarette smoke condensate. II. Neutral components of cigarette smoke Bull. Agr. Chem. Soc. Japan 21... 

---