Cross-sectional view

The system should support all the inspection types available in the PSP-3 P-scan, T-scan and Through Transmission, TOFD and A-scan. It should be possible to record data for all the inspection types simultaneously. The developments in computer hardware, in particular disk storage, during the last years have made it feasable to increase the emphasis on the A-scan recording modes. It has also been feasible to extend the P-scan format to include P-scan image storage in a full 3D format, that allows cross-section views to be generated off-line. 

The analyze mode display is similar to the scan mode display used online. Analyze mode includes functions for evaluation of data, e. g. markers, measure functions, zoom function and selection of cross-section views. In addition, A-scan data can be reconstructed into images and displayed. 

Figure 3. Cross Section View of Tube with ID Pitting...

A still different approach to multilayer adsorption considers that there is a potential field at the surface of a solid into which adsorbate molecules fall. The adsorbed layer thus resembles the atmosphere of a planet—it is most compressed at the surface of the solid and decreases in density outward. The general idea is quite old, but was first formalized by Polanyi in about 1914—see Brunauer [34]. As illustrated in Fig. XVII-12, one can draw surfaces of equipo-tential that appear as lines in a cross-sectional view of the surface region. The space between each set of equipotential surfaces corresponds to a definite volume, and there will thus be a relationship between potential U and volume 0. 

Figure 7.14a illustrates the insertion of a propylene monomer into an edge vacancy in a crystal adjacent to an alkylated titanium atom. In Fig. 7.14b a cross-sectional view of the same site shows how the preferential orientation of the coordinated monomer is dictated by constraints imposed by the protuberances on the crystal surface. 

A cross-sectional view of hemp fiber is shown in Figure 3b. It has a Z twist in contrast to the S twist of flax. Hemp is regarded as a substitute for flax in yam and twine. Its eadier use in ropes has been replaced by leaf and synthetic fibers. Hemp fiber is used in Japan, China, CIS, and Italy to make specialty papers, including cigarette paper, but bleaching is difficult. The fiber is coarser and has less flexibiUty than flax. 

A cross-sectional view of kenaf is shown in Figure 3d. The ultimate cells are nearly cylindrical with thick cell walls. Kenaf fibers are shorter and coarser than those of jute. Both chemical (kraft) and mechanical pulps have been produced from kenaf, and successful demonstration mns of newsprint have been made for the Dallas Morning Nem, the St. Petersburg Times, and the Bakersfield Californian with a furnish of 82% kenaf chemithermomechanical pulp and 18% softwood kraft pulp. Kenaf fiber is also considered a substitute for jute and used in sacking, rope, twine, bags, and as papermaking pulp in India, Thailand, and the former Yugoslavia. RoseUe bleached pulp is marketed in Thailand. 

In the Philippines, the principal suppHer of abaca fiber, the fibrous layer ia the sheath is separated with a knife between the layers, and the strips of fiber-containing layers, called tuxies, are pulled off and cleaned by hand to remove the pulp. In Indonesia and Central America these operations are performed mechanically. Hand- and spiadle-stripped fiber is graded for braids, fine textiles, and cordage decorticated fiber is another class. A cross-sectional view is shown ia Figure 4a. The abaca fiber has a large lumen and the presence of siUcified plates is not unusual. 

Fig. 3. Cross-sectional view of vinyl-coated fabric with PVC coating layer.

Fig. 5. Cross-sectional view of urethane-coated fabric with coagulated polyurethane layer.

Fig. 11. (a) Cross-sectional view of substrate with porous fibers and polyurethane sponge, (b) Cross-sectional view of substrate with bundle of microfibers... 

Fig. 5. Radial design for metal anode showing (a) cross-sectional view and (b) area of detail on dmm rim.

Fig. 7. Conceptual cross-section views of (a) a CID imager showing charge integration (/ ), charge measurement and charge removal (/j) and (b) a...

Fig. 13. (a) The CMOS inverter circuit. The FET circuit symbols emphasize that MOSFETs are actually four-terminal devices in which the / -substrate is connected to for the PFET and the -substrate is connected to the ground for the NFET. Note the conventions on drain location for the PFET and NFET. (b) Corresponding cross-sectional view roughly to scale for a 2-p.m CMOS process, where Hrepresents siUcon, Si02, polysiUcon, and ... 

Fig. 7. Vane classifier where ( ) represents particle flow (a) side view and (b) cross-sectional view showing the vanes.

Fig. 8. Transverse cross-sectional view of double-flow induced-draft cooling tower. Courtesy of The Madey Co.

Figure 1.18(d) Cross-sectional view of a large screen protected motor showing the cooling circuit (Cooling system ICOA1) (Courtesy NGEF Ltd)... 

Figure 7.5(b) Sewage submersible pump and Its cross-sectional view (Courtesy SU Pumps)... 

Vacuum is finally judged to be the best medium to quench the arc plasma and interrupt a circuit undci the most adverse conditions. Figure 19,24 gives cross-sectional views of one pole of a vacuum circuit breaker and a typiciil construction of the arcing contacts and Figure... 

Figure 31.5(b) Cross-sectional view of an iPB with insulated (discontinuous) enclosure illustrating busbar-supporting arrangement (Courtesy Best Crompton)... 

Figure 4 SEM micrographs of a region on the back of a silicon wafer (a) and (b) show the surface at different magnifications ic) is a cross sectional view (Courtesy of P. M. Kahora, AT T Bell Laboratories).

Fig. 5.6. Cross-sectional view of a liquid cell for in-situ AFM measurements of surface processes.

As shown in a cross-section view in Figure 17.29, in the absence of Ca, tro-... 

Figure 1 Schematic representation of the microstructure and cross-sectional view of a liquid crystEilline copolyester fiber [33].

Figure 3-3. Cross-sectional view of a vertical in-line pump. (By permission, H. Knoll and S. Tinney, Hydrocarbon Processing," May 1971, p. 131 and Goulds Pump, Inc. Mechanical seal and seal venting details courtesy Borg-Warner.)...

Figure 7-19 illustrates a newer approach at simplifying the dual safety relief valve installation, ASME Sect. VIII, Div. 1, UG-135(b) [1] and API RP-520, Part II Conformance [33]. Note that the SRV valves are mounted on top of each of one dual vertical connections and are bubble tight. Also see cross section view. The flow C, valves for each size device are available from the manufacturer. 

Figure 10-166A. Cross-sectional view of pipe with bare single tracer. Requirements may dictate 2 or 3 tracer pipes/tubes strapped to pipe at generally equal spacing around circumference, then insulated. (Used by permission Foo, K. W. Hydrocarbon Processing, V. 73, No. 1, Part 1, 1994. Gulf Publishing Company.)...

Figure 14-2A. Alternating current (AC) induction motor cross-sectional view of 220/440V, 3-phase, 60-cycle, totally enclosed fan-cooled standard motor. (Used by permission Reliance Electric Co., Div. Rockwell Automation.)...

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