Nicotine and cigarette smoking

Tar The nitrosamines and many other organic chemicals in tobacco 

Carbon monoxide This combines with haemoglobin in the blood, reducing its oxygen 

Nicotine Few direct health effects chronic increase in heart rate may 

Passive smoking Non-smokers who breathe air polluted by tobacco smoke can 

Health benefits of cessation Lung function improves almost immediately, with aerobic tasks 

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Nicotine and cigarette smoking were considered in Chapter 4. Here, we learned that the addictive power of a drug can be quite subtle, often making it very difficult to... 

Effects of Nicotine and Cigarette Smoke on Host Resistance Mechanism... 

Benowitz NL, Jacob P, Fong I, Gupta S (1994) Nicotine metabolic profile in man comparison of cigarette smoking and transdermal nicotine, J Pharmacol Exper Ther 268 296-303 Benowitz NL, Zevin S, Jacob P III (1997) Sources of variability in nicotine and cotinine levels with use of nicotine nasal spray, transdermal nicotine, and cigarette smoking, Br J Clin Pharmacol 43 259-267... 

Benowitz NL, Eitzgerald GA, Wilson M, Zhang Q (1993) Nicotine effects on eicosanoid formation and hemostatic function comparison of transdermal nicotine and cigarette smoking. J Am Coll Cardiol 22 1159-1167... 

Benowitz NL, Hansson A, Jacob P, 3rd (2002) Cardiovascular effects of nasal and transdermal nicotine and cigarette smoking. Hypertension 39 1107-12 Berretta N, Jones RSG (1996) Tonic facilitation of glutamate release by presynaptic N-methyl-D-aspartate autoreceptors in the entorhinal cortex. Neuroscience 75 339 Betz H, Laube B (2006) Glycine receptors recent insights into their structural organization and functional diversity. J Neurochem 97 1600-10... 

Parrott AC and Winder G (1989). Nicotine chewing gum (2mg, 4mg) and cigarette smoking Comparative effects upon vigilance and heart rate. Psychopharmacology, 97, 257-261. 

Brain Function Responses to Acute Nicotine Administration and Cigarette Smoking. 147... 

Multiple publications (Pankow et al. 1997 Ingebrethsen et al. 2001 Pankow et al. 2003 Watson et al. 2004) have discussed measuring free-base nicotine directly, addressed the importance of free-base nicotine delivery, and examined the chemical properties of nicotine in cigarette smoke as an important determinant of the effective delivery and bioavailability of nicotine from cigarettes. Pankow et al. (1997) examined how ammonia influences nicotine delivery in tobacco smoke and concluded that conversion of nicotine to the free-base form could be facilitated by ammonia. Based on a theoretical treatment, Pankow et al. (1997) concluded that, under certain circumstances, up to 40% of the nicotine could be available as the volatile free-base form. These authors also concluded that the rate of volatilization was more rapid than that previously measured by Lewis et al. (1995) using denuder technology to examine the properties of mainstream cigarette smoke. 

NT318 Gocze, P. M., 1. Szabo, and D. A. Freeman. Influence of nicotine, cotinine, anabasine and cigarette smoke extract on human granulose cell progesterone NT331 and estradiol synthesis. Gynecol Endocrinol 1999 13(4) 266-272. 

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