Cigarette smoking nicotine

Glutamatergic (and Other) Effects of Nicotine/Cigarette Smoking. 156... 

Nicotine is the main psychoactive ingredient of tobacco and is responsible for the stimulant effects and abuse/ addiction that may result form tobacco use. Cigarette smoking rapidly (in about 3 sec ) delivers pulses of nicotine into the bloodstream. Its initial effects are caused by its activation of nicotinic acetylcholine (nACh) receptors. nACh receptors are ligand-gated ion-channels and pre- and postsynaptically located. Reinforcement depends on an intact mesolimbic dopamine system (VTA). nACh receptors on VTA dopamine neurons are normally activated by cholinergic innervation from the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus or the pedunculopontine nucleus. 

Rohsenow DJ, Monti PM, Colby SM, et al Naltrexone treatment for alcoholics effect on cigarette smoking rates. Nicotine Tob Res 5 231-236, 2003 Rose JE, Levin ED Concurrent agonist-antagonist administration for the analysis and treatment of drug dependence. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 41 219—226, 1991 Rose JE, Behm FM, Westman EC, et al Mecamylamine combined with nicotine skin patch facilitates smoking cessation beyond nicontine patch treatment alone. Clin Pharmacol Ther 56 86-99, 1994... 

Even more promising appears to be the selective reduction of TSNA by perforated cellulose acetate filter tips with higih air dilution. Although the smoker will compensate for the reduction in nicotine by smoking more intensely, it appears that the TSNA yield in smoke does, in this case, not increase to the level observed in smoke of an unperforated filter cigarette. 

Cigarette smoking induces CYP1A2 increasing the metabolism of clozapine may need to increase usual clozapine dose when a patient begins to smoke, or decrease clozapine dose if smoking is stopped or nicotine replacement is used instead of smoking. 

Kaholokula, J. K. el al. (2006). Ethnic-by-gender differences in cigarette smoking among Asian and Pacific fslanders. Nicotine Tob. Res., 8, 275-86. 

Perkins, K.A., Gerlach, D., Vender, J., Grobe, J., Meeker, J., Hutchison, S. Sex differences in the subjective and reinforcing effects of visual and olfactory cigarette smoke stimuli. Nicotine Tob. Res. 3 141, 2001. 

Rukstalis, M., Jepson, C., Strasser, A. et al. Naltrexone reduces the relative reinforcing value of nicotine in a cigarette smoking choice paradigm. Psychopharmacology (Berlin). 180 41, 2005. 

Benhammou, K.L.M., Strook, M.A., Sullivan, B., Logel, J., Raschen, K., Gotti, C., Leonard, S. [3H] nicotine binding in peripheral blood cells of smokers is correlated with the number of cigarettes smoked per day. Neuropharmacology. 39 2818, 2000. 

Racke, K., Schworer, H., Simson, G. Effects of cigarette smoking or ingestion of nicotine on platelet 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) levels in smokers and non-smokers. Clin. Invest. 70 201, 1992. 

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