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Amplifier

Take one molecule of an incoming signal and make many molecules of an outgoing signal. Kinases, cyclases, and G-proteins amplify the signal. [Pg.136]

G-proteins are easy. The GTP-bound form can interact successively with several molecules of its target before the GTP is hydrolyzed and the G-protein is inactivated. The synthesis of cyclic nucleotide second messengers by the cyclase is also an obvious amplification step. [Pg.136]

The kinases themselves can be arranged into phosphorylation cascades so that one kinase phosphorylates another, which, in turn, phos-phorylates another. This often leads to some funny names, such as MAP kinase kinase kinase. This means a mitogen-activated protein kinase that phosphorylates MAP kinase kinase. The activated MAP kinase kinase then phosphorylates and activates MAP kinase. [Pg.137]

PKA (A kinase) c AMP-dependent protein kinase cAMP Energy signaling (low energy signal) [Pg.137]

PKC (C kinase) Protein kinase C Ca + and DAG Growth/ proliferation signals [Pg.137]

It is easy to show that this configuration gives  [Pg.536]

The instrumentation amplifier is a high-performance differential amplifier consisting of a number of closed-loop op-amps. An ideal instrumentation amplifier gives an output voltage which is proportional only to the difference between two input voltages and Vtl, viz.  [Pg.536]

Time-to-Amplitude Converter (TAC)—Standard and Reversed Configurations [Pg.110]

In geneial. the TAC is a late-Iinuting component in TXSPC. It takes several micn econds to discharge the capacitor and reset the TAC. TTus is not a problem with flash lamps a SOhHznleresidls in stait pulses eveiy 20 [Pg.110]

The relatively simple solution to this problem is to operate the TAC in reverse mode. ° In this mode of ope-ation, the first photon detected from the sample serves as the start pulse, and the signal from the excitation pulse is the st dgnal. In this way the TAC is activated only if the emitted photon is detected. The only minor disadvantage of reveise TAC operation is that the deo curves appear reversed on the screen of the MCA, but this is easily corrected by software. The reverse mode of TAC operation is not nee with flasUan because of Ihdr lower repetition rates. [Pg.110]

The output from the photomultiplier detector is further amplified before the signal is fed to a read-out device. There are many variations of design used for amplification of the photomultiplier signal. Our intention is to describe these devices in a general way rather than detail the electronics involved. [Pg.283]

Amplifiers may be broadbanded, that is, the amplifier may respond to a wide frequency range. If the amplifier is constructed to respond to a narrow band of frequencies, it is called a tuned ac amplifier. Successive stages of amplification, all tuned to the same frequency, will narrow the bandpass width. The modulation of the source or the mechanical chopper used in the optical path must maintain the frequency to which the amplifier responds thus a narrow-bandpass ac amplifier imposes more stringent requirements on the stability of the modulation devices. [Pg.283]


Attention should be given in the fact, that penetration of eddy currents in residual austenite will be slightly deeper than in the martensite structure of steel, as austenite shows low electrical conductivity. The signal originatimg from the austenite structure will be amplified in effect of the influence of the structure found at greater depth. There will be no error as the method of measurement is compartable and the samples made for reference purposes will have the same structure as the studied part. [Pg.21]

Channel AEBIL signal conditioning modules (variable amplifier, RMS measurement, floating threshold level, analog to digital conversion signal) ... [Pg.69]

For an industrial application it is necessary to separate the response of a real crack from artifacts, and to derive information about the geometry and the location of the crack. For this purpose we have developed a filter which is sensitive to the characteristic features of a signal caused by a crack and amplifies it, whereas signals without these typical features are suppressed. In Fig. 5.1 first results obtained with such an iterative filter algorithm are shown. [Pg.261]

The war itself also drove the development of improved and miniaturised electronic components for creating oscillators and amplifiers and, ultimately, semiconductors, which made practical the electronic systems needed in portable eddy current test instruments. The refinement of those systems continues to the present day and advances continue to be triggered by performance improvements of components and systems. In the same way that today s pocket calculator outperforms the large, hot room full of intercormected thermionic valves that I first saw in the 50 s, so it is with eddy current instrumentation. Today s handheld eddy current inspection instrument is a powerful tool which has the capability needed in a crack detector, corrosion detector, metal sorter, conductivity meter, coating thickness meter and so on. [Pg.273]

As stated above the SQUID amplifier demands a low inductance Eddy current probe in order to be able to amplify signals up to 1 MHz. Low inductance Eddy current probes can be obtained by reducing the number of turns and by loosing the magnetic coupling between the tums. So magnetic cores should be avoided as well as tight wounded tums. For this purpose planar coils are the best... [Pg.302]

It is also necessary to choose the position number and size of sensors to sample the magnetic field with accuracy. As the radial component of this field is null in the median plan of the excitation coil when no flaw is present, it seems obvious to measure this component, so we can use large gain amplifiers, figure 1 shows the typical aspect of the magnetic field for a ponctual flaw when a very long excitation coil is used ... [Pg.358]

Fig.l shows the layout of the SPATE 9000 system. It basically consists of a scan unit connected to a signal amplifier. The signals are then correlated with a reference signal derived from a load transducer (e.g. strain gauge, load cell, accelerometer, or function generator). [Pg.409]

The TU contains current electrodes CEl, CE2, potential electrodes PE1,PE2, driver amplifier (DA), button B to start measuring processor. [Pg.649]

Potential difference created between potential electrodes is amplified in DA (80 dB). CA is used to bring dynamic range of the signal into line with ADT, and to eliminate high frequency interference. [Pg.651]

Fig. 1 shows the block diagram of the vibrometer, in which the most sensible to small phase variations interferometric scheme is employed. It consists of the microwave and the display units. The display unit consists of the power supply 1, controller 2 of the phase modulator 3, microprocessor unit 9 and low-frequency amplifier 10. The microwave unit contains the electromechanical phase modulator 3, a solid-state microwave oscillator 4, an attenuator 5, a bidirectional coupler 6, a horn antenna 7 and a microwave detector 11. The horn antenna is used for transmitting the microwave and receiving the reflected signal, which is mixed with the reference signal in the bidirectional coupler. In the reference channel the electromechanical phase modulator is used to provide automatic calibration of the instrument. To adjust the antenna beam to the object under test, the microwave unit is placed on the platform which can be shifted in vertical and horizontal planes. [Pg.655]

Where 1- Operated broadband amplifier, 2-A/D -converter, 3-Controller, 4- Pulsed generator, 5- Computer. [Pg.731]

Operated broadband amplifier 1, has uniform (not worse than 1 dB) frequency feature within the range of 1 to 50 MHz and the range of reinforcement from 0 to 90 dB. The input cascade has an impedance switch that enables to matching of sensors of different types and to avoid signals and distortions caused by the cable. [Pg.731]

The ultrasound system should have more independent channels and allow the transmitter pulse to be individually adjustable in width and amplitude, and an increased frequency range for the logarithmic amplifier was desired. The digitization should be improved both with respect to sampling rate and resolution. [Pg.782]

After amplification both signals change their initial phases due to the delay r of the amplifier unblank (r = 0.1 - 0.5 ms), phase shift in it and wave propagation in passive vibrator s elements. All the mentioned phase changes are proportional to the frequency. The most contribution of them has unblank delay z. Thus frequency variations changes the initial phases) f/, and j(/c) of both signals and their difference A - Vi ... [Pg.828]

Fig. 11 shows a composite model of the wave at U X =0.25. In the interfering wave on the upper and lower part of the insert metal, (a) is the same phase, and (b) is the opposite phase. A composite wave is attenuated by the weakened interference as the same phase, and is amplified by the strengthened interference as the opposite phase. [Pg.838]

LOG Logarithmic amplifier with 60/100 dB dynamic range without gain setting 0.1 to 10 MHz (-3 dB)... [Pg.857]

The pulser/receiver is completely shielded and therefore receives no noise coming from the PC components. The input connector is a Lemo 00 coupler. The extremely low noise amplifier with a maximum amplification of about 90 dB accommodates very small signals. A precise gain setting is possible up to 106 dB. [Pg.858]

In order to get an extremely high resolution and a small dead zone" (after the transmitter pulse) single amplifier states must have a bandwidth up to 90 MHz ( ), and a total bandwidth of 35 MHz (-3 dB) can be reached (HILL-SCAN 3010HF). High- and low-pass filters can be combined to band-passes and provide optimal A-scans. All parameters are controlled by software. [Pg.858]

The HILL-SCAN 3020LOG with a logarithmic amplifier provides A-seans with a single-shot dynamic range of 100 dB. [Pg.861]

We now come to a very important topic, namely, the thermodynamic treatment of the variation of surface tension with composition. The treatment is due to Gibbs [35] (see Ref. 49 for an historical sketch) but has been amplified in a more conveniently readable way by Guggenheim and Adam [105]. [Pg.71]

Infrared pulses of 200 fs duration with 150 of bandwidth centred at 2000 were used in this study. They were generated in a two-step procedure [46]. First, a p-BaB204 (BBO) OPO was used to convert the 800 mn photons from the Ti sapphire amplifier system into signal and idler beams at 1379 and 1905 mn, respectively. These two pulses were sent tlirough a difference frequency crystal (AgGaS2) to yield pulses... [Pg.1173]


See other pages where Amplifier is mentioned: [Pg.282]    [Pg.21]    [Pg.20]    [Pg.299]    [Pg.299]    [Pg.300]    [Pg.301]    [Pg.317]    [Pg.323]    [Pg.323]    [Pg.323]    [Pg.368]    [Pg.389]    [Pg.506]    [Pg.513]    [Pg.516]    [Pg.651]    [Pg.655]    [Pg.717]    [Pg.717]    [Pg.722]    [Pg.753]    [Pg.784]    [Pg.830]    [Pg.856]    [Pg.856]    [Pg.858]    [Pg.915]    [Pg.1063]    [Pg.1106]   
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11.2. Broad-band current amplifiers

11.4. Logarithmic amplifier

AB Amplifier

Acid amplified imaging

Acid amplifier

Active Circuit Elements. High-Gain DC Amplifiers

Adaptation amplifier

Advanced chemically amplified resist

Air amplifier

Alq3 amplified spontaneous emission and lasing

Amplification of the Amplifier

Amplified CCDs

Amplified ELISA

Amplified Fluorescent Conjugated Polymers as Sensors

Amplified Intermolecular Forces

Amplified Luminescent Proximity Homogeneous Assay (AlphaScreen)

Amplified deep-UV resists

Amplified descriptor

Amplified fluorescent polymer

Amplified fragment length polymorphism

Amplified fragment length polymorphism AFLP)

Amplified fragments

Amplified luminescence proximity

Amplified luminescent proximity

Amplified luminescent proximity homogeneous assay

Amplified piezo actuator

Amplified quenching

Amplified rDNA , analysis

Amplified ribosomal DNA restriction

Amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis

Amplified signal

Amplified spontaneous emission

Amplified spontaneous emission (ASE

Amplified spontaneous emission gain narrowing, organic waveguides

Amplified spontaneous emission laser resonators

Amplified spontaneous emission molecular glasses

Amplified stimulated emission

Amplifier Darlington

Amplifier Gain Analysis

Amplifier and Preamplifier

Amplifier bandwidth

Amplifier baseline shift

Amplifier characteristics

Amplifier circuit

Amplifier circuitry

Amplifier class

Amplifier coarse gain

Amplifier common mode rejection

Amplifier compensation designs

Amplifier compression

Amplifier current

Amplifier difference

Amplifier fine gain

Amplifier gain

Amplifier gated integrator

Amplifier high count rate

Amplifier high impedance

Amplifier input impedance

Amplifier input voltage

Amplifier inverting

Amplifier linear

Amplifier negative-feedback

Amplifier network

Amplifier noise

Amplifier noninverting

Amplifier nonlinearity

Amplifier overload recovery

Amplifier overview

Amplifier patch clamp

Amplifier pole-zero cancellation

Amplifier power consumption

Amplifier radio

Amplifier relay

Amplifier saturation

Amplifier scaling

Amplifier schematic

Amplifier scintillation detector

Amplifier stability - peak

Amplifier stabilization

Amplifier symbol

Amplifier transistor

Amplifier tubes

Amplifier tuned

Amplifier voltage noise

Amplifier voltage swing

Amplifier volts

Amplifier, buffer

Amplifier, buffer instrumentation

Amplifier, buffer isolation

Amplifier, buffer operational

Amplifier, ideal

Amplifier, signal

Amplifiers and Recorders

Amplifiers error

Amplifiers evaluation circuits

Amplifiers filters

Amplifiers force sensors

Amplifiers frequency-selective

Amplifiers instrumentation differential

Amplifiers reference wire

Amplifiers voltage error

Amplifiers, Bridges, Analyzers

Amplifiers, monolithic microwave

Amplifiers, unimolecular

Amplifying fluorescent polymer

Analog lock-in amplifiers

Analogue amplifier

Analogue power amplifier

Analysis of amplified samples

Armstrong Amplifier and Oscillators

Atomic amplifier

Audio amplifier

BJT Amplifier Minimum and Maximum Gain

Bandwidth, operational amplifiers

Beam amplifying

Biased amplifier

Bio-potential amplifier

Biopotential amplifier characteristics

Bipolar transistor amplifier

Black Box Analysis, Amplifiers, Filters

Bridges, Synchronous Rectifiers, Fast Amplifiers

Buffer amplifier layer

Capacitive transimpedance amplifier

Charge amplifiers

Charge sensitive amplifier

Chemical amplifier

Chemical amplifier schematic

Chemically Amplified Imaging Mechanisms

Chemically amplified cross-linking negative resists

Chemically amplified deep-ultraviolet

Chemically amplified lithographic

Chemically amplified methacrylate negative resists based on acid-catalyzed esterification

Chemically amplified negative phenolic resists based on acid-catalyzed condensation intermolecular dehydration cross-linking reactions

Chemically amplified negative resists

Chemically amplified negative resists based on acid-catalyzed intramolecular dehydration

Chemically amplified negative resists based on acid-catalyzed pinacol rearrangement

Chemically amplified negative resists based on radiation-induced polarity changes

Chemically amplified photoresist

Chemically amplified positive resist system

Chemically amplified positive resists based

Chemically amplified resist

Chemically amplified resist mechanisms

Chemically amplified resist process

Chemically amplified resist systems

Chemically amplified resists

Chemically amplified resists (CARs

Chemiluminescence luminol amplified

Chopper amplifier

Circuit components, operational amplifie

Class AB amplifier

Class D amplifier

Common Base Amplifier

Common Emitter Amplifier

Contaminants, chemically amplified

Contaminants, chemically amplified systems

Current to voltage amplifier

DCM amplified spontaneous emission and lasing

Data Acquisition Amplifier

Detection of Explosives Using Amplified Fluorescent Polymers

Detector preamplifier amplifier

Detector preamplifier amplifier combination

Differential amplifier

Differential biopotential amplifiers

Differential current amplifier

Differential input amplifier

Differential-difference amplifier

Differentiation, operational amplifier

Differentiator, operational amplifier

Digital lock-in amplifiers

Dioxetanes amplifiers

Distributed bragg reflector , amplified

Distributed bragg reflector , amplified spontaneous emission and lasing, laser

Distributed feedback lasers, amplified

Distributed feedback lasers, amplified resonators

Distributed feedback lasers, amplified spontaneous emission and lasing, laser

Dye amplifier

Dye laser oscillator-amplifier system

Electrical Circuits, Amplifiers, and Computers

Electrochemical Instrumentation - Roles of Operational Amplifiers and Microcomputers

Electrometer amplifier

Electronic amplifier)

Energy levels amplifier)

Equipment Operational amplifier

Erbium doped fiber amplifier

Error amplifiers compensation, design

Experiment 17 Working with an Instrumentation Amplifier

Fast amplifier

Feedback amplifier

Fiber Raman amplifier

Fiber amplifiers

Fibre amplifier

Field amplified stacking

Field-amplified sample injection

Field-amplified sample stacking

Field-amplified sample stacking FASS)

Fluorescence highly amplified

Fluorescence quenching, amplified

Fluoride glasses: amplifiers

Forster energy transfer Franck-Condon factor, amplified spontaneous

Forster energy transfer amplified spontaneous emission and lasing

Gain narrowing, amplified spontaneous emission

Gain ranging amplifier

Galvanometer amplifier

General-purpose amplifiers

Gradient amplifiers

High voltage amplifiers

Highly photosensitive amplified resists

How to Proceed When Choosing an Amplifier Concept

Hybrid amplifier

Hybrid power amplifier

Hydraulic amplifier pumps

Ideal operational amplifier

Ideal properties, operational amplifiers

Identification of Amplified Compounds

Image beam amplifier

Infrared signal amplifier

Input impedance, operational amplifiers

Instrumentation amplifier

Instrumentation amplifier accuracy

Instrumentation amplifier excitation

Instrumentation amplifier full scale

Instrumentation amplifier measurement errors

Instrumentation amplifier nonlinearity

Instrumentation amplifier precision

Instrumentation amplifier repeatability

Instrumentation amplifier resolution

Instrumentation amplifier sensitivity

Instrumentation amplifier signal conditioning

Instrumentation amplifiers for

Instrumentation isolation amplifiers

Instrumentation operational amplifiers

Integration, operational amplifiers

Integrator, operational amplifier

Interface Patient and Amplifier, Risk Considerations

Inverting input, operational amplifier

Isolation amplifier

Large-signal amplifiers

Laser amplifiers

Laser regenerative amplifiers

Laser resonators, amplified spontaneous

Level detector, operational amplifier

Lock-in amplifier

Low current amplifier

Low-noise amplifier

Magnetic amplifiers

Main amplifier

Mechanisms, chemically amplified

Metal-Ion Amplified Sensor

Metallic nanoparticles signal-amplified fluorescent probing

Microelectronic lock-in amplifiers

Molecular glasses, optoelectronic applications amplified spontaneous emission and lasing

Neural recording amplifier

Neural-recording systems amplifier

Non-chemically amplified positive resists

Non-chemically amplified positive resists based on main chain scission

Non-collinear optical parametric amplifier

Non-inverting amplifier

Noninverting input, operational amplifier

Nuclear energy amplifier

Offset voltage, operational amplifiers

Open-loop gain, operational amplifiers

Operational Amplifier Gain

Operational Amplifier Schmitt Trigger

Operational amplifier

Operational amplifier applications

Operational amplifier band width

Operational amplifier characteristics

Operational amplifier equivalent circuit

Operational amplifier functions

Operational amplifier galvanostat

Operational amplifier instruments, components

Operational amplifier negative feedback

Operational amplifier output voltage

Operational amplifier potentiostat

Operational amplifier properties

Operational amplifier rise time

Operational amplifier voltage follower

Operational amplifier yield

Operational amplifiers Circuit Electronics

Operational amplifiers adder circuit

Operational amplifiers circuit

Operational amplifiers circuit configurations

Operational amplifiers feedback

Operational transconductance amplifier

Optical amplifiers

Optical parametric amplifier

Optical parametric oscillators/amplifiers

Optical parametric oscillators/amplifiers OPOs/OPAs)

Optoelectronics, molecular glasses amplified spontaneous emission and lasing

Organic waveguides, amplified spontaneous

Oscillator, from amplifier

Oscillator-amplifier design

Output amplifier

Output limits, operational amplifiers

PCR-amplified

PREAMPLIFIERS, AMPLIFIERS

Parametric amplifier

Performance Analysis — Amplifier Frequency Response

Performance, chemically amplified

Phase sensitive amplifier

Phase-Sensitive Detection (Lock-in Amplifier)

Photometer amplifier

Photoresists chemically amplified

Pneumatic amplifier

Polarization amplifier

Polymer optical amplifier

Polymer optical fiber amplifier

Polymerase chain reaction amplified DNA

Polymeric optical amplifiers

Power amplifier

Pre-amplifier

Preamplifiers amplifier gain

Process considerations, chemically amplified

Process of Chemically Amplified Resists

Proportional action amplifier

Pulse amplifier

Pumps pneumatic amplifier

Quantum amplified isomerization

RAPD, (Randomly amplified polymorphic

Radical amplifier

Radio-Frequency Amplifiers

Raman spectrum, oligophenyls, fluorescence Random” laser, amplified spontaneous

Random amplified polymorphic DNA

Random amplified polymorphic DNA RAPD)

Random amplified polymorphic DNA RAPD)-PCR

Random amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction

Random amplified polymorphic DNA-PCR

Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA

Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA RAPD)

Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis

Receiver-amplifier dendritic molecule

Regen amplifier

Regenerative amplifier

Resolution amplifier stability

Ring structures amplified spontaneous emission and lasing

Sample preconcentration field-amplified stacking

Schematic of Flueric Amplifiers

Self-amplifying

Self-immolative dendritic amplifier

Sense amplifier

Sequence characterized amplified region

Sequence related amplified polymorphism

Sequence related amplified polymorphism SRAP)

Signal-amplified fluorescent probing

Silica fiber-optic amplifiers

Single-ended biopotential amplifiers

Small-signal amplifiers

Speakers Use Gesture to Amplify Component Features and Concepts

Spiro molecules amplified spontaneous emission and lasing

Stimulated emissions amplified spontaneous emission

Stokes shift amplified spontaneous emission and lasing

Subthreshold depolarizations, amplifiers

Summing amplifier

Switching amplifier

Switching power amplifier

TGC amplifier

TPD complexes amplified spontaneous emission and lasing

The Amplifier

The Differential Amplifier

The Ideal Operational Amplifier

The Lock-in Amplifier

Three-body polarization amplifier

Time amplified spontaneous emission

Time gain compensation amplifier

Time-resolved amplified cryptate emission

Titanium regenerative amplifier

Track-and-hold amplifier

Trans-impedance amplifier

Transimpedance amplifiers

Transversal electric field, amplified

Transversal electric field, amplified narrowing and organic waveguides

Transversal electric field, amplified spontaneous emission and lasing, gain

Transversal magnetic field, amplified

Transversal magnetic field, amplified narrowing and organic waveguides

Transversal magnetic field, amplified spontaneous emission and lasing, gain

Trip amplifiers

Using Amplifiers

Vacuum-tube, amplifier

Vacuum-tube, amplifier oscillator

Voltage Amplifiers and Recorders

Voltage adapter amplifier

Voltage amplifiers

Waveguides, planar optical amplifiers

Writing electrically amplified

ZBLAN amplifier

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