Initiation phase

During the initiation phase aggressive substances (CO2, chlorides) that can depas-sivate the steel penetrate from the surface into the bulk of the concrete  

Luca Bertolini, Bernhard Elsener, Pietro Pedeferri, Rob P. Polder Copyright 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH Co. KGaA, Weinheim ISBN 3-527-30800-8 

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The calculational procedure employed in BLIPS, when used with the particular initial phase-composition estimated included in the subroutine, has converged satisfactorily for all systems we have encountered (except very near plait points as noted). 

After amplification both signals change their initial phases due to the delay r of the amplifier unblank (r = 0.1 - 0.5 ms), phase shift in it and wave propagation in passive vibrator s elements. All the mentioned phase changes are proportional to the frequency. The most contribution of them has unblank delay z. Thus frequency variations changes the initial phases) f/, and j(/c) of both signals and their difference A - Vi ... 

Fig.2. CCF dependence on the initial phase i//c of current signal for s(l) type (left) and <7(tyl type of pulses. Qc = Qr=i0,...

The calculations show that for both considered types of signals the CCF are very sensitive to initial phases of current and reference pulses and difference in their carrier frequencies. The CCF is also sensitive to the g-factor of loaded vibrators of probes and number of periods in the signal. 

Fig.3. CCF dependence on difference A(p = 0,25rc between initial phases of current and reference signals for s(t) type (left) and q(t) type of pulses.

Correlative signal processing in MIA pulse flaw detectors is an effective way to increase the sensitivity and signal to noise ratio. Instruments with such processing system should be provided with a device for adjusting and sustaining initial phases of both current and reference pulses. 

M continually decreases under the influence of spin-spin relaxation which destroys the initial phase coherence of the spin motion within they z-plane. In solid-state TREPR, where large inliomogeneous EPR linewidths due to anisotropic magnetic interactions persist, the long-time behaviour of the spectrometer output, S(t), is given by... 

The fraction of solute present in the organic phase is, therefore, 0.600. Extraction efficiency is the percentage of solute successfully transferred from its initial phase to the extracting phase. The extraction efficiency is, therefore, 60.0%. 

The problem with a simple extraction is that the separation only occurs in one direction. In a liquid-liquid extraction, for example, we extract a solute from its initial phase into the extracting phase. Consider, again, the separation of an analyte and a matrix interferent with distribution ratios of 5 and 0.5, respectively. A single liquid-liquid extraction transfers 83% of the analyte and 33% of the interferent to the extracting phase (Figure 12.1). If the concentrations of A and I in the sample were identical, then their concentration ratio in the extracting phase after one extraction is... 

Progress of a liquid-liquid extraction using two identical extractions of a sample (initial phase) with fresh portions of the extracting phase. All numbers are fractions of solute in the phases A = analyte, I = interferent. 

In most cases volume requirement is the primary consideration for selecting the most cost-effective process. However, in many cases a lower volume process may be used during initial phases of a program and then be replaced by a higher volume process when the product has gained field acceptance. 

Subcutaneous injection of 100—750 mg/kg sulfolane at an ambient temperature of 10°C also caused a dose-dependent decrease in colonic temperature of rabbits. MetaboHc rate remained unchanged during the initial phase of the hypothermia for all dose groups but peripheral vasodilatation, as indicated by an increase in ear skin temperature, was seen at the higher dose levels (29). 

A U.S. EPA study (41) showed that soil vapor extraction (SVE) is an effective treatment for removing volatile contaminants from the vadose zone. Sandy soils are more effectively treated than clay or soils with higher organic content because higher air flows are possible in sand and clays—organic soils tend to adsorb or retain more contaminants. Removal of volatiles is rapid in the initial phase of treatment and thereafter decreases rapidly thereafter-an important consideration in the design of air emissions control over the life of the project. 

Evidence of localized corrosion can be obtained from polarization methods such as potentiodynamic polarization, EIS, and electrochemical noise measurements, which are particularly well suited to providing data on localized corrosion. When evidence of localized attack is obtained, the engineer needs to perform a careful analysis of the conditions that may lead to such attack. Correlation with process conditions can provide additional data about the susceptibility of the equipment to locaHzed attack and can potentially help prevent failures due to pitting or crevice corrosion. Since pitting may have a delayed initiation phase, careful consideration of the cause of the localized attack is critical. Laboratory testing and involvement of an... 

In the initial phase of development of endocrine disruption research, attention... 

In general, when a solid returns to its initial phase upon unloading from high pressure, or when the postshock temperature is sufficiently low that... 

Shoek-indueed phase transformations are often represented in terms of the mass fraetion w of the initial phase. Currently, the reaetion rate vv is treated as simply a funetion of w and the applied pressure. Displaeive transitions are likely to be a funetion of erystal orientation and the applied shear stress also, but we do not eurrently know how to represent this funetional dependenee. 

Also ealled the DUH Factor. You ll need to gather information from pressure gauges mounted to the existing system. With the previously mentioned formulas, the Hf and the Hv are estimated in the initial phase when everything is new. The Baehus Custodio method measures the exact Hf and Hv in any existing system. It doesn t matter when it was built. 

The simplest scheme that accounts for the destruction of phase coherence is the so-called stochastic interruption model [Nikitin and Korst 1965 Simonius 1978 Silbey and Harris 1989]. Suppose the process of free tunneling is interrupted by a sequence of collisions separated by time periods vo = to do After each collision the system forgets its initial phase, i.e., the off-diagonal matrix elements of the density matrix p go to zero, resulting in the density matrix p ... 

When restarting an installation that is still moderately hot, diffieulty is often experieneed during the initial phase due to the use of saturated steam (from the auxiliary boiler), whieh is eooler than the superheated steam raised by ammonia eombustion. Consequently, a sturdy steam turbine must be ehosen, eapable of withstanding the thermal stresses imposed. 

Filtration Basic. .. separation layer. The longer the filtration takes, the higher the separation effect, since after the initial phase the actual cake filtration will start. The. .. http //www.filterpressen.de/html e/filtration/basic.htm [More Results From www.filterpressen.de]... 

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