Historical sketch

Spectroscopists are often concerned with the absorption of light in gases. Let / and Iq be the transmitted and incident intensity of a light beam. The absorption coefficient a = a(v T, n) is defined by Lambert s law, 

Early work. In 1885, Janssen found that in oxygen at pressures of tens or hundreds of atmospheres new absorption bands occur which are unknown from absorption studies at atmospheric pressures see pp. 357ff. for details. The associated absorption coefficients increase as the square of density, in violation of Beer s law. The observed quadratic dependence suggests an absorption by pairs of molecules Beer s law, by contrast, attempts to describe absorption by individual molecules. 

Interaction-induced absorption (as the new features were called early on [353]) has stimulated considerable interest. For a long time, explanations were attempted in terms of weakly bound (02)2 polarization molecules (that is, van der Waals molecules), but some of the early investigators argued that unbound collisional pairs might be responsible for the observed absorption. More recently, a study of the temperature dependence of the induced intensities has provided evidence for the significance of collisional complexes. The idea of absorption by collisionally interacting, unbound molecular pairs was, however, not widely accepted for decades. 

A search and a find. Rotovibrational collision-induced absorption was discovered incidentally in a search for the elusive spectra of van der Waals molecules ( dimers ). In his famous dissertation of 1873, J. D. van der 

Homonuclear molecules have a center of inversion symmetry. Molecular charge distributions of such symmetry are inconsistent with a permanent 

---

We now come to a very important topic, namely, the thermodynamic treatment of the variation of surface tension with composition. The treatment is due to Gibbs [35] (see Ref. 49 for an historical sketch) but has been amplified in a more conveniently readable way by Guggenheim and Adam [105]. 

To resume the brief historical sketch, the subject of monolayers developed rapidly during the interwar years, with the names of Langmuir, Adam, Harkins, and Rideal perhaps the most prominent the subject became one of precise and... 

Bush, Douglas. Science and English poetry a historical sketch, 1590-1950. Oxford OUP, 1950. 

Sarkar, S. (2002), From the Reaktionsnorm to the Evolution of Adaptive Plasticity A Historical Sketch, 1909-1999, in T. DeWitt and S. M. Scheiner (eds.) Phenotypic Plasticity Functional and Conceptual Approaches, Oxford University Press, New York. 

Ryan, Charles J. 1975. H. P. Blavatsky and the Theosophical Movement A Brief Historical Sketch. 2nd ed. Pasadena, Cal. Theosophical University Press. 

The rocket scientists wanted to be able to predict the thrust that could be expected from a fuel of a certain composition (see historical sketches by Zeleznik and Gordon, 1968 van Zeggeren and Storey, 1970 Smith and Missen, 1982). The volume of gases exiting the nozzle of the rocket motor could be used to calculate the expected thrust. The scientists recognized that by knowing the fuel s composition, the temperature at which it burned, and the pressure at the nozzle exit, they had uniquely defined the fuel s equilibrium volume, which they set about calculating. 

See Walther Nernst, "Die elektrolytische Zersetzung wassriger Losungen," Berichte 30 (1897) 1563 also in Theoretical Chemistry, 390392 discussed in G. V. Bykov, "Historical Sketch of the Electron Theories of Organic Chemistry," Chymia X (1965) 199253, on 201 and Anthony N. Stranges, Electrons and Valence. Development of the Theory, 19001925 (College Station Texas A M University Press, 1982) 7780. 

Bykov, G. V. "Historical Sketch of the Electron Theories of Organic Chemistry." Chymia 10 (1965) 199253. 

For typical solids, not only is the relation between surface tension and surface energy poorly understood, but also the very existence of these quantities questioned. In the following brief historical sketch, an attempt will be made to indicate why scientists felt it necessary or useful to introduce notions of surface tension and surface energy (ys) of solids into science. 

When Alexander von Humboldt, Gustav Rose, and Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg made a scientific expedition to Russia in 1829 the Russian Minister of Finance E. F. Kankrin made arrangements for their comfort and security. Humboldt made important observations on the gold- and platinum-bearing alluvial deposits of the Urals (92). Professor B. N. Menschutkin published in the Journal of Chemical Education an excellent historical sketch of the Russian platinum (36). 

Brockman, C. J., Fused electrolytes—an historical sketch, . Chem Educ, 4,... 

Thomson, Thomas, Historical sketch of improvements in physical science... 

The author of Ten books on Architecture, Vitruvius Pollio, of the first century, B.C. alludes in places to the elements, as for instance in the following historical sketch ... 

In this chapter we will first look at symmetry as it occurs in everyday life and then consider its specific role in chemistry. We will end the chapter by giving a historical sketch of the development of the mathematics which is used in making use of symmetry in chemistry. 

A Historical Sketch, J. Chem. Ed 1961,38, 129. The equation that we call Beer s law embodies contributions by R Bouguer (1698-1758), J. H. Lambert (1728-1777), and A. Beer (1825-1863). Beer published his work in 1852, and similar conclusions were independently reached and published within a few months by F. Bernard. 

Henrichsen, L. E. Henrichsen. K. B. The Henrichsen Pottery A Historical Sketch of the Provo Pottery Company and its Proprietor/Operator E. C. Henrichsen, Marriott Library, Special Collections Department, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, 1984. 

Valency and oxidation numbers a historical sketch of bonding theory prior to quantum mechanics... 

Gregor C.B. (1988) Prologue Cyclic processes in geology, a historical sketch. In Chemical Cycles in the Evolution of the Earth (eds. C.B. Gregor, R.M. Garrels, F.T. Mackenzie and J.B. Maynard), pp. 5-16. John Wiley Sons, New York. 

Bykov s historical sketch of the electron theories of organic chemistry (1965) gives comprehensive coverage, with an emphasis on the application of quantum mechanics.426 R. E. Kohler has written on the origin of G. N. Lewis theory of the shared pair... 

The historical sketch outlines the class of lanthanide amides this article is to deal with and which is further manifested in Scheme 1. Organometallic amides which can be classified as dialkyl (-aryl, -silyl) amides and amides derived from unsaturated heterocyclic ligands are seen with respect to N-unsubstituted (primary, inorganic) amides. The consideration of more classic coordination compounds like acid amides or sulfonamides, often ascribed as wet chemistry , is excluded. The historical data also demonstrate the relatively late start of lanthanide amide chemistry reflecting the late industrial establishment of the lanthanide elements (separation, purification, etc.) [9], However, lanthanide amides are still the youngest class in conjunction with the most important pillars of organometallic lanthanide chemistry, namely the alkyls/cyclopentadienyls (LnCp3, 1954, [10]) and the alkoxides (Ce(OR)4 1956 [11a] La(OR)3 , 1958 [lib]). Indeed most of the work has been conducted in the last ten years. 

The historical sketch presented here draws mainly from Singer, C. (1959) A History of Biology, Abelard-Schuman, London. Additional sources include Taylor, G. R. (1963) The Science of Life, McGraw-Hill, New York and Magner, L. N. (1979) A History of the Life Sciences, Marcel Dekker, New York. 

This brief historical sketch serves as an introduction to the main goal of this book, which is to describe in some detail the chemical nature of phospholipids present in mammalian cells. It is hoped that there will be sufficient information for the reader to appreciate the uniqueness of many of these compounds, develop some rapport with their chemical structure, and become familiar with their isolation and identification. 

It has been said that there is a paradox in these honours because Darwin did not invent the idea of evolution nor that of natural selection, as he himself openly states in the Historical sketch that he... 

Roth HD (2001) Selected Developments in the 20 Century Photochemistry Historical Sketches, Europ. Photochem. Assoc. Nemslett. No. 71 37-57. 

Quoted in Timekeepers—An Historical Sketch, by H. Alan Lloyd in The Voices of Time, J. T. Fraser, ed. (New York George Braziller, 1966), p. 390. 

---