Gain ranging amplifier

Scintillation counters also have a characteristic plateau. In the scintillation counter the phototube acts as the primary amplifier with a gain as high as 106. A low-gain linear amplifier may be used in conjunction with a scintillation counter, and, again, the range of amplification in the plateau will be about 103 or 104. 

The CTIA can provide a wide dynamic range, high linearity, and low noise. However, it does this at the expense of real estate and the power required by the high-gain inverting amplifier. This can prevent its use when very low heat generation or very small pixel pitch is required. 

LOG Logarithmic amplifier with 60/100 dB dynamic range without gain setting 0.1 to 10 MHz (-3 dB)... 

Amplifier bandwidth. The range of signal frequencies over which an amplifier is capable of undistorted or unattenuated transmission. An operational amplifier should transmit DC voltage accurately the upper (bandwidth) limit is defined as the 3-dB point (attenuation factor of two). Because bandwidth can vary with gain, the product of gain x bandwidth can be a more useful parameter. 

For the miniature PHSS, the minimum H2S detection limit in anoxic lOmM PBS at pH 7.0 and 37°C at maximum amplifier gain was near lOnM H2S (Fig. 8.7 inset), and the signal was linear over a concentration range of 0 to 1200nM H2S (Fig. 8.7), and additionally up to 200 tM (not shown) [36], If sample pH is increased, the proportion of H2S species is decreased although the PHSS detection limit remains constant. At lOOnM H2S detection limit at pH 7.8, the PHSS compares favorably with standard colorimetric methods [37],... 

Table XI (346-390) lists a number of calcium-binding proteins and indicates very succinctly their role in biological systems. This table both illustrates the range of functions of calcium-binding proteins and serves to introduce those which appear subsequently in this chapter. The structures and functions of particularly important calcium-binding proteins such as calmodulin, parvalbumin, and troponin C are described in standard texts on biochemistry. The minimal Table XI entry for the particularly important calmodulins is amplified in the next paragraph. Table XI provides a sprinkling of references to enable readers to gain entry into the literature, for these and for most of the less-familiar species.

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