Amplifier operational

Amplifier bandwidth. The range of signal frequencies over which an amplifier is capable of undistorted or unattenuated transmission. An operational amplifier should transmit DC voltage accurately the upper (bandwidth) limit is defined as the 3-dB point (attenuation factor of two). Because bandwidth can vary with gain, the product of gain x bandwidth can be a more useful parameter. [Pg.430]

Amplifier complex. A number of operational amplifiers configured for a specific function, packaged and used as a single unit. [Pg.430]

DifTerential amplifier. An operational amplifier with two inputs of opposite-gain polarity with respect to its output. Differential-output amplifiers can also have two opposite-sense outputs. [Pg.431]

Operational amplifier. A linear, high-gain DC voltage or current amplifier with high input impedance, low output impedance, and the capability of producing a bipolar output from a bipolar input. [Pg.431]

Single-ended amplifier. An operational amplifier with a single input (or output). [Pg.431]

These cascades serve as operational amplifiers of the initial ligand—receptor interaction. In each step of the process, amplification by several powers of 10 may occur so that an original signal maybe multiphed several millionfold (63). [Pg.278]

These types of linear regulators were eommonly built before the advent of operational amplifiers and they ean save money in eonsumer designs. Some of their drawbaeks inelude drift with temperature and limited load eurrent range. [Pg.15]

I-/-12V Flas operational amplifier centered analog circuitry. These tend to be immune to fluctuations in their supply voltages. [Pg.109]

An additional consideration is the gain-bandwidth product specification of the operational amplifier used as the error amplifier. If the Bode character-... [Pg.206]

Power Supply Cookbook, Second Edition Operational Amplifiers, Second Edition... [Pg.266]

An aetive lead eompensation network is shown in Figure 6.30. For an inverting operational amplifier... [Pg.179]

Reference electrode (RE) and potentiostatic setpoint are fed to the inverting and noninverting input of an operational amplifier. The counter-electrode (CE) is connected to the output of the operational amplifier. I (EC) electrochemical current. [Pg.296]

The reference electrode (RE) is connected to the inverting input of an operational amplifier (for example Texas Instruments TL 074), and the setpoint is applied between ground and the noninverting input of the operational amplifier. For electronic reasons Equation 6.2-1 applies. [Pg.296]

Ohmic drop, 32, 88, 105, 129 Operational amplifier, 105 Optically transparent electrode, 40 Organic-phase biosensors, 181 Organic solvents, 102 Organosulfur monolayers, 118 Overvoltage, 14, 121 Oxygen, 75, 87, 103, 177, 190, 193... [Pg.208]

Fig. 2.2.12 Gradient driver using a power operational amplifier.

In the direct-reading instruments the emf of the cell is led through an (operational) amplifier across a standard high resistor yielding a current that is measured by a milliammeter calibrated to be read in pH units or millovolts. So, while the null-point system provides a truly potentiometric (non-faradaic) measurement where the off-balance adjustment remains limited to an interrupted temporary current draw-off, the direct-reading system represents an amperometric measurement where a continuous steady-state current draw-off takes place as long as the meter is switched on. In fact, the latter is a deflection method as a pointer indicates the pH units or millivolts by its deflection on the meter scale. [Pg.88]

For controlled-potential coulometry the voltage drop over a standard resistor is measured as a function of time by means of a voltage-to-frequency converter the output signal consists of a time-variant and integrally increasing number of counts (e.g., 10 counts mV-1), which by means of an operational amplifier-capacitor yields the current-time curve and integral158. [Pg.234]

With the Kalousek computer polarograph, a programmable real-time clock (with rates up to 1 MHz) and an operational amplifier were used, and the computer had to perform the following functions ... [Pg.333]

A popular UV sensor designed for flame monitoring is the SFH 530 sensor by Infinion. It is a UV-enhanced Si photodiode with optical filter, concentrator lens and operational amplifier in a TO-39 package. Flame-sensing in gas ovens is another potential application of the described technique. [Pg.172]

The instrumentation for voltammetry is relatively simple. With the advent of analog operational amplifiers, personal computers, and inexpensive data acquisition-control system, many computer-controlled electrochemical systems are commercially available or custom made. Programming complex excitation waveforms and fast data acquisition have become a matter of software writing. [Pg.668]

Fig. 18b.2. (a) A simple three-electrode system with a variable voltage source, (b) A potentiostat made of three operational amplifiers. [Pg.669]

For UV and visible radiation, the simplest detector is a photomultiplier tube. The cathode of the tube is coated with a photosensitive material (such as Cs3Sb, K CsSb, or Na2KSb, etc.) which ejects a photoelectron when struck by a photon. This photoelectron is then accelerated towards a series of anodes of successively greater positive potential (called dynodes). At each dynode, the electron impact causes secondary electron emission, which amplifies the original photoelectron by a factor of 106 or 107. The result is a pulse of electricity of duration around 5 ns, giving a current of around 1 mA. This small current is fed into the external electronics and further amplified by an operational amplifier, which produces an output voltage pulse whose height is proportional to the photomultiplier current. [Pg.54]

Operational Amplifier-Based Resistance Thermometer for Calorimetry, P.K. Grannell, S.D. Pask, P.H. Plesch and G.E. Holdcroft, Chemistry and Industry (London), 1983, 441-444. [Pg.779]

There are two ways of handling the ohmic drop effect. One consists of equipping the instrument with a positive feedback loop that subtracts from E a tension, Rei, proportional to the current, thus eliminating, at least partially, the effect of the ohmic drop.14 One may even get the impression that total compensation, or even more, overcompensation, could be achieved. In fact, before total compensation is reached, oscillations appear as a result of the bandpass limitations of the operation amplifiers. The entire instrument can indeed be represented by a self-inductance, La, that is a... [Pg.15]

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