Microprocessor unit

Fig. 1 shows the block diagram of the vibrometer, in which the most sensible to small phase variations interferometric scheme is employed. It consists of the microwave and the display units. The display unit consists of the power supply 1, controller 2 of the phase modulator 3, microprocessor unit 9 and low-frequency amplifier 10. The microwave unit contains the electromechanical phase modulator 3, a solid-state microwave oscillator 4, an attenuator 5, a bidirectional coupler 6, a horn antenna 7 and a microwave detector 11. The horn antenna is used for transmitting the microwave and receiving the reflected signal, which is mixed with the reference signal in the bidirectional coupler. In the reference channel the electromechanical phase modulator is used to provide automatic calibration of the instrument. To adjust the antenna beam to the object under test, the microwave unit is placed on the platform which can be shifted in vertical and horizontal planes. 

Fig.l. Schematic design of a fluorescence probe for the simultaneous detection of two different wavelengths. M mirror, L lamp,Ll-3 lenses,Fl-4 filters, FRl-4 fiber cables, Dl-3 photodetectors, H housing, MZ mixing zone of fiber, QP quartz plate, A amplifier, C cooling, MP microprocessor unit, PS power supply... 

The prevalent design is a microprocessor-controlled torque rheometer. The system consists of two basic units an electromechanical drive unit and a microprocessor unit. The basic system is shown in Figure 7. 

Figure 5-17. Typical temperature profile of a polymerase chain reaction. The polymerase chain reaction is carried out in a thermocycler where the temperature is controlled by a microprocessor unit. The temperature regime is varied so that the double stranded DNA is...

Checking for functionality of all microprocessor units of the RRCS system through data verification procedure... 

TCU is the carbome microprocessor unit based on transmission management system. 

Safe input module (typical). SPU, signal processing unit MPU, microprocessor unit ISO, isolator Diag, diagnostic. 

In order to be able to record and analyse data continuously, in collaboration with Dr N. J. Goddard of our Microprocessor Unit, we have developed the microprocessor controlled instrumentation shown in Figure 18 [23]. Without microprocessor instrumentation it was difficult to monitor the rats continuously and almost impossible to analyse the quantities of data spewing out on roll after roll of chart paper. 

The dectrical architecture is standard for a space e eriment. It is organized around a 16 bit 80C86 microprocessor, powered by hybrid DC/DC converters using the satellite 28 volt power line. Redundancy is obtained by mounting two independent microprocessor units and DC/DC units which can be sdected by external switches. 

This monitor employs a G.M. counter as detector, that covers 3 logarithmic ranges usually starting at 10 p Sv/hr (1 mR/hr). The use of microprocessor units allows the use of more than one G.M. counter at the same unit, in order to increase the measuring range. The use of two G.M. counters allows to cover the range from 10 to 0.1 Sv/hr (1 mR/hr to 10 R/hr). 

Another example of deahng with molecular structure input/output can be found in the early 1980s in Boehiinger Ingelheim. Their CBF (Chemical and Biology Facts) system [44] contained a special microprocessormolecular structures. Moreover, their IBM-type printer chain unit had been equipped with special chemical characters and it was able to print chemical formulas. 

The Aromax process was developed in the early 1970s by Toray Industries, Inc. in Japan (95—98). The adsorption column consists of a horizontal series of independent chambers containing fixed beds of adsorbent. Instead of a rotary valve, a sequence of specially designed on—off valves under computer control is used to move inlet and withdrawal ports around the bed. Adsorption is carried out in the Hquid phase at 140°C, 785—980 kPA, and 5—13 L/h. PX yields per pass is reported to exceed 90% with a typical purity of 99.5%. The first Aromax unit was installed at Toray s Kawasaki plant in March 1973. In 1994, IFP introduced the Eluxyl adsorption process (59,99). The proprietary adsorbent used is designated SPX 3000. Individual on-off valves controlled by a microprocessor are used. Raman spectroscopy to used to measure concentration profiles in the column. A 10,000 t/yr demonstration plant was started and successfully operated at Chevron s Pascagoula plant from 1995—96. IFP has Hcensed two hybrid units. 

The portable vibration analyzer incorporates a microprocessor that allows it to mathematically convert the electrical signal to acceleration per unit time, perform a TFT, and store the data. It can be programmed to generate alarms and displays of the data. The data stored by the analyzer can be downloaded to a personal or a more powerful computer to perform more sophisticated analyses, data storage and retrieval, and report generation. 

Note that great care must be taken when comparing machinery vibration data to industry standards or baseline data. The analyst must make sure the frequency and amplitude are expressed in units and running speeds that are consistent with the standard or baseline data. The use of a microprocessor-based system with software that automatically converts and displays the desired terms offers a solution to this problem. 

Data transfer The data acquisition unit will not be used for long-term data storage. Therefore, it must be able to reliability transfer data into the host computer. The actual time required to transfer the microprocessor s data into the host computer is the only non-productive time of the data acquisition unit. It cannot be used for acquiring additional data during the data transfer operation. Therefore, the transfer time should be kept to a minimum. Most of the available systems use an RS 232 communications protocol that will allow data transfer at rates of up to 19,200 baud. The time required to dump the full memory of a typical microprocessor can be 30 minutes or more. 

The microprocessor should also be able to support modem communication with remote computers. This feature will enable multiple plant operation and direct access to third party diagnostic and analysis support. Data can be transferred anywhere in the world using this technique. Not all predictive maintenance systems use a true RS 232 communications protocol or support modem communications. These systems can severely limit the capabilities of your program. The various predictive maintenance techniques will add other specifications for an acceptable data acquisition unit. 

One of the more recent developments in potential measurement instruments has been their incorporation into what is best drescribed as data management devices . These units will not only display a potential reading but may be instructed to store this information for later retrieval and processing. The complete unit incorporates a high-impedance voltmeter with an integral microprocessor for data and code entries into a solid-state... 

A number of commercial titrators are available in which the electrical measuring unit is coupled to a chart recorder to produce directly a titration curve, and by linking the delivery of titrant from the burette to the movement of the recorder chart, an auto-titrator is produced. It is possible to stop the delivery of the titrant when the indicator electrode attains the potential corresponding to the equivalence point of the particular titration this is a feature of some importance when a number of repetitive titrations have to be performed. Many such instruments are controlled by a microprocessor so that the whole titration procedure is, to a large extent, automated. In addition to the normal titration curve, such instruments will also plot the first-derivative curve (AE/AV), the second-derivative curve (A2 E/AV2), and will provide a Gran s plot (Section 15.18). 

In more sophisticated instruments, the modern tendency is to replace the micro-ammeter by a digital read-out, and there is an increasing trend to use visual display units to show the results. Such instruments are controlled by microprocessors which may either show sequentially the successive operations which must be performed to measure the absorbance of a solution at a fixed wavelength or to observe the absorption spectrum of a sample alternatively the whole procedure may be automated. Such instruments will display the absorption spectrum on the VDU screen, and by linking to a printer, a permanent record is produced. 

The most versatile data acquisition option is a stand alone data collection unit. At Glidden we use an Elexor Data Logger (S) for this purpose. It has its own microprocessor and BASIC Interpreter and communicates with the computer via the serial port. The unit can be configured with a wide variety of signal processing options. 

Superior hardware to the traditional apparatus is readily available and in some cases microprocessor intelligence is being built into dedicated modules for say temperature or pumping control. Integration of such units has the potential of full automation. 

Also, in modem, accurate apparatus there is a general trend to have a digital display not only of pH units or millivolts but often also of isopotential setting and solution temperature in the more sophisticated instruments all this can be actuated by a push-button via a microprocessor. 

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