Results Obtained

Figure 1 compares data reduction using the modified UNIQUAC equation with that using the original UNIQUAC equation. The data are those of Boublikova and Lu (1969) for ethanol and n-octane. The dashed line indicates results obtained with the original equation (q = q for ethanol) and the continuous line shows results obtained with the modified equation. The original equation predicts a liquid-liquid miscibility gap, contrary to experiment. The modified UNIQUAC equation, however, represents the alcohol/n-octane system with good accuracy. 

Table 3 shows results obtained from a five-component, isothermal flash calculation. In this system there are two condensable components (acetone and benzene) and three noncondensable components (hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and methane). Henry s constants for each of the noncondensables were obtained from Equations (18-22) the simplifying assumption for dilute solutions [Equation (17)] was also used for each of the noncondensables. Activity coefficients for both condensable components were calculated with the UNIQUAC equation. For that calculation, all liquid-phase composition variables are on a solute-free basis the only required binary parameters are those for the acetone-benzene system. While no experimental data are available for comparison, the calculated results are probably reliable because all simplifying assumptions are reasonable the... 

Subroutine OUTDAT. OUTDAT prints the estimated parameters and other statistical results obtained during the regression. 

D 2887, applies to products and petroleum fractions whose final boiling points are equal to or below 538°C (1000°F), and have boiling points above 38°C (100°F). The results obtained are equivalent to those obtained from the TBP distillation, ASTM D 2892. 

With the accumulation of results obtained from various and complex analyses of narrow cuts (Waterman method), correlations have been found f ctween refractive index, specific gravity and molecular weight on one hand, and percentages of paraffinic, naphthenic and aromatic carbon on the other. 

Table 3.7 gives results obtained by this method for a gas oil before and after hydrotreatment. 

At low temperatures, using the original function/(T ) could lead to greater error. In Tables 4.11 and 4.12, the results obtained by the Soave method are compared with fitted curves published by the DIPPR for hexane and hexadecane. Note that the differences are less than 5% between the normal boiling point and the critical point but that they are greater at low temperature. The original form of the Soave equation should be used with caution when the vapor pressure of the components is less than 0.1 bar. In these conditions, it leads to underestimating the values for equilibrium coefficients for these components. 

A study is at present being carried out to check and validate the feasability of acoustic emission monitoring of the pneumatic testing of tanks. This study is being carried out in the context of the CIAPES program. This article gives only a brief summary of the results obtained on various materials, and different types of vessels, under different operating conditions. 

The technique presented above has been extensively evaluated experimentally using ultrasonic data acquired from a test block made of cast stainless steel with cotirse material structure. Here we briefly present selected results obtained using two pressure wave transducers, with refraction angles of 45° and 0°. The -lOdB frequency ranges of the transducers were 1.4-2.8 MHz and 0.7-1.4 MHz, respectively. The ultrasonic response signals were sampled at a rate of 40 MHz, with a resolution of 8 bits, prior to computer processing. 

The results obtained with NSC in different applications show that both flaw detection and localization can be performed automatically by the use of a neural network classifier. 

To search for the forms of potentials we are considering here simple mechanical models. Two of them, namely cluster support algorithm (CSA) and plane support algorithm (PSA), were described in details in [6]. Providing the experiments with simulated and experimental data, it was shown that the iteration procedure yields the sweeping of the structures which are not volumetric-like or surface-like, correspondingly. While the number of required projections for the reconstruction is reduced by 10 -100 times, the quality of reconstruction estimated quantitatively remained quite comparative (sometimes even with less artefacts) with that result obtained by classic Computer Tomography (CT). 

In this section, two illustrative numerical results, obtained by means of the described reconstruction algorithm, are presented. Input data are calculated in the frequency range of 26 to 38 GHz using matrix formulas [8], describing the reflection of a normally incident plane wave from the multilayered half-space. 

The results obtained with the two methods confirm the measured data with a good precision, with less computational time for the specialised code than the general code. This validation on three representative test bloeks can lead to many applications of modelling of the thin-skin regime. 

For an industrial application it is necessary to separate the response of a real crack from artifacts, and to derive information about the geometry and the location of the crack. For this purpose we have developed a filter which is sensitive to the characteristic features of a signal caused by a crack and amplifies it, whereas signals without these typical features are suppressed. In Fig. 5.1 first results obtained with such an iterative filter algorithm are shown. 

It is a probe whose the coil support is a small circular sticks with a straiglit section. The aim of our study is to assimilate the resulting magnetic field to a material point, hi order to minimize the lateral field, we have chosen the construction of conical coil where the lateral field at a contact point in respect to a straight configuration is decreased with an exponential factor. The results obtained from the curves are as follow ... 

As a conclusion to this experiment and in order to optimize the sensibility of tire probe it is necessary that the coil shall be on the edge of the ferrite. The results obtained confirm the probe stability. 

The results obtained by this probe are satisfactory. In fact, we have reconstitute the cartography of the piece presenting standard defect. 

The results obtained by the probe whose nucleus and coil are conic allows to conclude that ... 

For a few months, results obtained on a pre-industrial version of this new photothermal camera allow this technology to enter into the industrial step of its development. 

This paper describes the result obtained in a study of AFCEN (French Society for Design and Construction Rules for Nuclear Island Components) in order to characterize dye penetrant product family, based on experimental test methods of french standards NFA 09.520 and NFA 09.521. In particular, sensitivity tests have been carried out on artificial defects, and correlated with tests on real defects. Some tests on penetrant washability have also been performed. The results obtained with these three series of tests show that the choiee of a dye penetrant product family is not without influency on results obtained, and that is not so simple to make the good choice which could, in certain cases, be the less bad compromise. 

Tables I and 2 show the experimental results obtained for axial and transversal displacements respectively, where % is the displacement and Xv. is the displacement measured using our experimental. setup.

Table 1 Experimental results obtained for D=(350 2) mm y Act=(5° 2 ). x is the axial translation and Xe is the experimental value obtained from Eq. (1).

In this paper, the performanees of laser-ultrasound are estimated in order to identify lacks of weld penetration. The laser-ultrasonic technique is applied to cylindrical metallic strucmres (few mm thick) in a single-sided control. The results obtained for different materials (gold-nickel alloy and tantalum) are presented by B-sean views for which the control configuration is discussed with regard to the thermal effects at the laser impact. This testing is performed for different lacks of weld penetration (up to 0.5 mm for a thickness of 2 mm) even in the presence of the weld bead, which corresponds to an actual industrial problem. 

The second example shows results obtained with an angle beam probe for transverse waves in coarse grained grey cast iron. Two commercially available probes are compared the composite design SWK 60-2 and the standard design SWB 60-2. The reflector in this example is a side-drilled hole of 5 mm diameter. The A-scans displayed below in Fig. 5 and 6 show that the composite probe has a higher sensitivity by 12 dB and that the signal to noise ratio is improved by more than 6 dB. 

The application of liquid couplants is not only inconvenient, but the results obtained tend to be sensitive to contact pressure, and there is always a danger of losing coupling. 

If the results obtained from NDE are not used to monitor and regulate the quality of welding then every penny spent by the yard can be wasted. 

If the surface is to be in mechanical equilibrium, the two work terms as given must be equal, and on equating them and substituting in the expressions for dx and dy, the final result obtained is... 

If an ideal solution is formed, then the actual molecular A is just Aav (and Aex = 0). The same result obtains if the components are completely immiscible as illustrated in Fig. IV-21 for a mixture of arachidic acid and a merocyanine dye [116]. These systems are usually distinguished through the mosaic structure seen in microscopic evaluation. 

Some fairly typical results, obtained by LaMer and co-workers [275] are shown in Fig. IV-24. At the higher film pressures, the reduction in evaporation rate may be 60-90%—a very substantial effect. Similar results have been reported for the various fatty acids and their esters [276,277]. Films of biological materials may offer little resistance, as is the case for cholesterol [278] and dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (except if present as a bilayer) [279]. 

It will be seen that each method for surface area determination involves the measurement of some property that is observed qualitatively to depend on the extent of surface development and that can be related by means of theory to the actual surface area. It is important to realize that the results obtained by different methods differ, and that one should in general expect them to differ. The problem is that the concept of surface area turns out to be a rather elusive one as soon as it is examined in detail. 

Figure Al.6.28. Magnitude of the excited-state wavefimction for a pulse sequence of two Gaussians with time delay of 610 a.u. = 15 fs. (a) (= 200 a.u., (b) ( = 400 a.u., (c) (= 600 a.u. Note the close correspondence with the results obtained for the classical trajectory (figure Al. 6.27(a) and (b)). Magnitude of the ground-state wavefimction for the same pulse sequence, at (a) (= 0, (b) (= 800 a.u., (c) (= 1000 a.u. Note the close correspondence with the classical trajectory of figure Al.6.27(c)). Although some of the amplitude remains in the bound region, that which does exit does so exclusively from chaimel 1 (reprinted from [52]).

In equation (bl. 15.7) p(co) is tlie frequeney distribution of the MW radiation. This result obtained with explieit evaluation of the transition matrix elements oeeurring for simple EPR is just a speeial ease of a imieh more general result, Femii s golden mle, whieh is the basis for the ealeulation of transition rates in general ... 

The technological importance of thin films in snch areas as semicondnctor devices and sensors has led to a demand for mechanical property infonnation for these systems. Measuring the elastic modnlns for thin films is mnch harder than the corresponding measurement for bnlk samples, since the results obtained by traditional indentation methods are strongly perturbed by the properties of the substrate material. Additionally, the behaviour of the film under conditions of low load, which is necessary for the measnrement of thin-film properties, is strongly inflnenced by surface forces [75]. Since the force microscope is both sensitive to surface forces and has extremely high depth resolntion, it shows considerable promise as a teclnhqne for the mechanical characterization of thin films. 

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