Vacuum-tube amplifier

Development of Dosimeter Materials. - 4.2.1 Quantitative ESR and Intensity Standards of Mn1+ and CuS04.5H20. An ESR spectrometer consists of vacuum tube amplifier and a Klystron oscillator with thermal noise and frequency drift. Hence, an inherent standard of Mn2+ was used in ESR dating of carbonate stalactites,8 and patented as a standard in ESR radiation dosimetry in 1980.102 The standard sample of MgO with Mn2+ is frequently used for calibration of -factor and the magnetic field as well as for radiation dosimetry.103... 

So little current flows across a glass electrode that it was not practical when discovered in 1906. One of the first people to use a vacuum tube amplifier to measure pH with a glass electrode was an undergraduate, W. H. Wright at the University of Illinois in 1928, who knew about electronics from amateur radio. Arnold Beckman at Caltech invented a portable, rugged, vacuum tube pH meter In 1935, which revolutionized chemical instrumentation.16... 

Since the phototube displays an inherent high impedance, it is readily adaptable for coupling with the input of a vacuum tube amplifier as shown in figure 40. The 6F5 tube in the illustration is biased to cut-off (wili not conduct) until light falling upon the photocathode of the 919 rube begins to alter this... 

Figure 2. Basic inverter circuit Vacuum-Tube Amplifier...

Figure 3 is a block diagram of the vacuum-tube amplifier equipment. 

His simple apparatus consisted of a radiation source and an ionization chamber, the chamber connected to a vacuum-tube amplifier and thence to an oscilloscope. The radiation source, an evacuated metal tube strapped to a rough-sawn block of pine, contained a one-centimeter silver disk coated with polonium mounted close behind a two-centimeter disk of pure beryl-... 

A. O. BECKMANN ((1900-2004) invented the first pH meter based on vacuum-tube amplifier (US Patent No. 2,058,761)... 

Valley, G.E., Ir. and Wallman, H. 1948. Vacuum Tube Amplifiers. McGraw-Hill, New York. 

Cancellation of these common forms of coupling between the input and output circuits of vacuum tube amplifiers prevents self-oscillation and the generation of spurious products. 

Klystron A microwave vacuum tube amplifier or oscillator that contains buncher cavity or cavities, drift space, and a catcher cavity, among other components. 

Fig. 18.1 Triode vacuum tube amplifier. (Compare to page 168.)...

For measuring cell potentials highly sensitive electronic voltmeters (pH meters) with very high-input impedance allowing the precise measurements of small potential differences are used (Fig. 1.6). Earlier vacuum tubes (electrometer tubes) were applied, which have been replaced by field effect transistors. (The first commercial pH meter was built by Arnold Orville Beckman (1900-2004) in the United States in 1935, based on vacuum tube amplifiers). 

As a metaphor to understand the fundamentals of waveshaping synthesis, imagine a note played on an electric stringed instrument connected to a vacuum-tube amplifier. If the volume knob of the amplifier is increased to its maximum, the vacuum-tubes will be saturated and the sound will clip and if the amplitude of the note is increased at its origin, before entering the amplifier, then the output will clip even more. If the note is a sinusoid, the louder the input, the more squared the output wave will be. If the note has a complex spectrum, then the output will be a signal blurred by distortion. 

Klystron Vacuum-tube amplifier used in planetary radar transmitters. 

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