Voltage adapter amplifier

Potentiostat with three operational amplifiers A (adder control), B (voltage follower), and C (current follower). Adapted from Skoog et al. [56],... 

The frequency signal is coupled out via DT2 and buffer 2, amplified and adapted to the coaxial cable impedance. The circuit is adjusted to a resonance frequency near/r. However, driving the quartz crystal at a phase of - 40° has been found to be optimal for under-liquid sensing [44]. Temperature dependence of the circuit is essentially due to the temperature dependence of the quartz crystal. Dependence on voltage supply of approximately 20 Hz has been found for a quartz crystal in air and 80 Hz in water [45]. Thus common stabilizing methods for current supply are sufficient. 

Figure 3.7 Schematic diagram of a phase-sensitive detector at 20 MHz. The transformer is replaced by an active circuit in the HP8709A synchroniser, and probably most high precision configurations. The phase error voltage output is amplified and used in the spectrometer to control the YIG oscillator magnetic field and hence lock the YIG source frequency to the synthesiser frequency. An identical device locks the Gunn MMW source to the YIG frequency (Adapted from Connor )...

FIGURE 5.39 Transit time effects in a class C amplifier (a) control grid voltage, (b) electron position as a function of time (triode case), (c) electron position as a function of time (tetrode case), (d) plate current (triode case). Source Adapted from Terman, F.E. 1947. Radio Engineering, p. 405. McGrawHill, New York.)... 

Just putting the information on the bus is not so simple. Address and data drivers, which isolate and amplify the signals, are required. Driving a highspeed, well-adapted bus requires a lot of power because of the low impedance (below 100 Q) of the transmission lines. TTL circuits have been replaced by special low-voltage swing drivers in... 

Figure 11.6. Sequence of events for ion excitation and detection in the analyzer cell. (A) Ions trapped within the analyzer cell are excited using dipolar excitation, resulting in expansion of the cyclotron radius while maintaining the same cyclotron ftequency. The excitation is terminated before the ions colUde with the analyzer cell, when the cyclotron radius is approximately three-quarters of the radius of the cell. (B) An image current of the orbiting ions is produced on the detection plates, and this signal is converted into a voltage, amplified, and acquired by the data system. (Adapted from Ref. 161.)...

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