Testing procedure

ASTM is a worldwide organization that started in the 19th century with headquarters now in West Conshohocken, Penna. (suburb of Philadelphia), USA. It is recognized as a world authority on standards for testing all types of materials that includes plastics. Their annual books of ASTM Standards contain more than seven thousand standards published in sixty-six volumes that include different materials and products. There are four volumes specifically on plastics 08.01-Plastics I 08.02-Plastics II 08.03-Plastics III, and 08.04-Plastic Pipe and Building Products. Other volumes include information on plastics and reinforced plastics (RPs). The complete ASTM index is listed under different categories for the different products, types of tests (by environment, chemical resistance, etc.), statistical analyses of different test data, and so on. 

ASTM International s Committee D30 on Composites held a joint meeting with the MIL-17 Composite Materials Handbook committee in Charleston, S.C. in late October, 2003 hosting attendees from Germany, Canada, Israel, UK, France, and Spain to increase international participation in D30 standards development. D30 currently has members from 15 coimtries, plus non-member tech specialists from eight more. D. V. Rosato during the early 1940s was involved in developing MIL-17 (and also MIL-23 on sandwich structures) and 

ISO-14001 is an international, voluntary standard that specifies the minimum elements for an effective environmental management system (EMS). It was published in 1996 by the International Organization for Standardization and adopted as the USA national EMS standard by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). While third-party registration is not mandated by this voluntary standard, some companies have found independent assessment to be a marketing advantage. In addition, some large companies have mandated third party registration as proof of conformance to the standard. 

UL is an example of an approval laboratory that industry and the government depends on its exceptionally qualified performance. It identifies a product which has been produced under UL s classification and follow-up service and which bears authorized classification marking of UL as the manufacturer s declaration that the product complies with UL s requirements. The UL s Laboratory Factory Inspection involves visits by a UL s representative to a factory or other facility. Piupose of conducting the examination and/or tests of products is to ensure compliance with UL approved requirement. The examination is the means that shows how the manufacturer exercises its operation to determine compliance with the UL s requirements. 

On the subject of appliance safety the UL have published more than 450 safety standards to assess the hazards associated with manufacturing appliances. These standards represent basic design requirements for various categories of products covered by the organization. For example, under UL s Component Plastics Program a material is tested under standardized, uniform conditions to provide preliminary information as to a material s strong and potentially weak characteristics. 

Source From Finney, D.J., Probit Analysis, 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1964. With permission. 

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Montagne, X., D. Merrier and J.-C. Guibet (1987), "Fouling of automotive diesel injectors. Test procedure, influence of composition of diesel oil and additives". SAE paper No. 87-2118, International fuels and lubricants meeting, Toronto, Ontario. 

The development and validation of UTDefect has now progressed so far so that the program can be of real help in the development of testing procedures, in parametric and sensitivity studies and in such technical justifications that are used for qualifications of testing procedures. 

Identification of the material properties as an estimation of transfer function (TF) for the black box model. In this case the problem of identification is solving according to the results of the input (IN) and output (OUT) actions. There is a transfer of notion of mathematical description of TF on characterization of the material. This logical substitution gives us an opportunity to formalize testing procedure and describe the material as a set of formulae, which can be used for quantitative and qualitative characterization of the materials. 

Based on the above mentioned requirements, you can therefore deduet the necessity of achieving a higher degree of test reliability by employing eddy-current test procedures that can fulfil these requirements. 

For a long time, the wheels were mainly tested with dye penetration. This test procedure can make defects which are open to the surface of the material visible for the tester. It is, however, common knowledge that the test results vary greatly depending on the subjective view of the individual tester. 

The testing procedure is based on the combined use of the density measurement along the whole length of the fuel element and computerized tomography. This procedure enables to obtain thorough information on distribution of the fuel material in the fuel element... 

The use of the surface ultrasonic waves seems to be convenient for these purposes. However, this method has not found wide practical application. Peculiarities of excitation, propagation and registration of surface waves created before these time great difficulties for their application in automatic systems of duality testing. It is connected with the fact that the surface waves are weakened by soil on the surface itself In addition, the methods of testing by the surface waves do not yield to automation due to the difficulties of creation of the acoustic contact. In particular, a flow of contact liquid out of the zone of an acoustic line, presence of immersion liquid, availability of chink interval leads to the adsorption and reflection of waves on tlie front meniscus of a contact layer. The liquid for the acoustic contact must be located only in the places of contact, otherwise the influence on the amplitude will be uncontrolled. This phenomenon distorts the results of testing procedure. 

Metrological attestation as the procedure that ensures reproducibility and comparability of the results of measurements is specified in GOST 8.010-90 State System of Measurements. Procedures of Measurements Implementation didn t find wide use in NDT. In airspace industry, railway and naval transport the requirements of approval of test procedures is in force more than 20 years. In chemical and oil-chemical sectors the similar requirements were less explicit. In some industries, for example in building GOST 8.010-90 was not put into account. 

The requirements to the test procedures, order and status of the approval are specified in international and national documents of western countries. 

Attestation of the test procedure is realized with the aim to confirm both the correctness of the choice of method and NDT facilities and fullness of requirements included in the test procedure. Attestation ensures reliability of testing results with required accuracy. 

A laboratory wishing to register under the CLP must perform certain analytical test procedures to the EPA s satisfaction. 

AWS) has issued specifications covering the various filler-metal systems and processes (2), eg, AWS A5.28 which appHes to low alloy steel filler metals for gas-shielded arc welding. A typical specification covers classification of relevant filler metals, chemical composition, mechanical properties, testing procedures, and matters related to manufacture, eg, packaging, identification, and dimensional tolerances. New specifications are issued occasionally, in addition to ca 30 estabUshed specifications. Filler-metal specifications are also issued by the ASME and the Department of Defense (DOD). These specifications are usually similar to the AWS specification, but should be specifically consulted where they apply. 

Joint TMCf SyPE Fuel Consumption Test Procedure, Type 2, SAE J1321, SAE Recommended Practice Approved October 1981, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, Pa., 1981. 

The scale-up of filtration centrifuges is usually done on an area basis, based on small-scale tests. Buchner funnel-type tests are not of much value here because the driving force for filtration is not only due to the static head but also due to the centrifugal forces on the Hquid in the cake. A test procedure has been described with a specially designed filter beaker to measure the intrinsic permeabiHty of the cake (7). The best test is, of course, with a small-scale model, using the actual suspension. Many manufacturers offer small laboratory models for such tests. The scale-up is most reHable if the basket diameter does not increase by a factor of more than 2.5 from the small scale. 

The objective of the FCC is to define food-grade chemicals in terms of the characteristics that estabUsh identity, strength, and quahty. It provides specifications in monograph form for some 900 food additives, together with analytical test procedures by which compliance with the specifications can be determined. The third edition was pubUshed in 1981 supplements followed in 1983, 1986, 1991, and 1993. The fourth edition is in preparation as of this writing and is to include monographs for almost 1000 food chemicals, including flavors. 

The ACS Committee on Analytical Reagents is comprised of some 15 members from academia, government, and industry (both manufacturers and users of reagents) and meets twice a year at the ACS headquarters in Washington, D.C. Throughout the year other work is carried out by correspondence. Requirements and details of tests are based on pubHshed work, on the experience of committee members in the examination of reagent chemicals, and on studies of test procedures made by committee members. 

Factory Mutual Building Comer Fire Test Procedure, Factory Mutual Research, Norwood, Mass, (updated periodically). 

One ASTM test procedure has suggested (24) that foamed plastics be classified as either rigid or flexible, a flexible foam being one that does not mpture when a 20 x 2.5 x 2.5 cm piece is wrapped around a 2.5 cm mandrel at a uniform rate of 1 lap/5 s at 15—25°C. Rigid foams are those that do mpture under this test. This classification is used in this article. 

Several countries have developed their own standard test methods for cellular plastics, and the International Organization for Standards (ISO) Technical Committee on Plastics TC-61 has been developing international standards. Information concerning the test methods for any particular country or the ISO procedures can be obtained in the United States from the American National Standards Institute. The most complete set of test procedures for cellular plastics, and the most used of any in the world, is that developed by the ASTM these procedures are pubUshed in new editions each year (128). There have been several reviews of ASTM methods and others pertinent to cellular plastics (32,59,129—131). 

The octane number requirement (ONR) of a car is the octane number which causes barely audible, ie, trace knock when driven by a trained rater. The Coordinating Research Council (CRC), a research organi2ation funded joindy by the American Petroleum Institute (API) and the American Automobile Manufacturers Association (AAMA), has defined test procedures for measuring ONR. Each car is driven under a set of light and heavy accelerations until the most sensitive driving mode is determined. Then a series of fuels is mn in the car until trace knock is determined. Each year, CRC members measure ONR of more than 100 cars and pubHsh the results. 

Fuel economy, typically expressed as distance driven per volume of fuel consumed, ie, ia km/L (mi/gal), is measured over two driving cycles specified by the Federal Test Procedure (63). Oae cycle simulates city driving and consists of relatively low speed (- 32 km/h) driving, and iacludes a portion where the car starts after having equiUbrated at ambient conditions for 16 hours. The second simulates highway driving conditions and iacludes higher speeds and... 

International Rubber Hardness. The International mbber hardness test (ASTM D1415) (2) for elastomers is similar to the Rockwell test ia that the measured property is the difference ia penetration of a standard steel ball between minor and major loads. The viscoelastic properties of elastomers require that a load appHcation time, usually 30 seconds, be a part of the test procedure. The hardness number is read directly on a scale of 0 to 100 upon return to the minor load. International mbber hardness numbers are often considered equivalent to Durometer hardness numbers but differences ia iadenters, loads, and test time preclude such a relationship. 

Despite variatioas ia hardness test procedures and the variations ia physical properties of the materials tested, hardness conversions from one test to another are possible (see ASTM E140 and Table 2). This approximate relationship is only consistent within a single-material system, eg, iron, steel, or aluminum. 

Quality Control and Testing. Control of inks is done by examining their color strength, hue, tack, rheology, drying rate, stabiHty, and product resistance. Elaborate control equipment and laboratory testing procedures are employed to test the finished inks. Weather-Ometers,... 

Effectiveness of these EP oils can be evaluated by a number of laboratory test units such as those shown in Figure 4. While the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) procedures describe a number of standard test procedures (10), the operating conditions and test specimen materials should be chosen to simulate as nearly as possible those in an appHcation. 

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