Automatic systems

Many of the automatic systems are based on the semi-automatic units bnt include a number of additional features for improved control. 

Detectors can be fitted to indicate the quantity of product remaining in the pressure pot and thus predict when the product will be completely used up. For some systems an automatic change-over valve can be installed to switch supply from a second pressure pot thus maintaining supply of adhesive to the production line. 

The dispense valve can be mounted on robots, for tracing complex profiles, particularly when dispensing adhesives on high-volume production lines. These valves can be fitted with pressure sensors and, depending on sensitivity, can detect breaks in the adhesive supply due to entrainment of air bubbles (see Section 10.1.1). 

Another option is to detect the adhesive on the component part. This can be more complex and often relies on the adhesive itself either showing good contrast against the substrate or the adhesive fluorescing so that it can be visually picked up under a suitable camera detector. 

Massey, Mechanics of Fluids, 2 Edition. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company Ltd, London, 1972, p.l42. 

The monitoring of the gas uptake in these batch reactors can be a monotonous process so a number of different types of automated systems have been developed. 9-24 Most of these are one-of-a-kind, and were built and used in a 

The use of a constant pressure apparatus provides for a more facile interpretation of the reaction data since there is no change in the pressure of the gas present in the reaction system as the reaction proceeds. In constant volume apparatus, the amount of gas available for further reaction steadily decreases with increasing reactant conversion, making the evaluation of the reaction rate data more complex. Automation of these constant volume systems is not a difficult procedure since all that changes is the internal pressure of the reactor and this can be recorded by means of an appropriately situated pressure transducer. 

Automation of the constant pressure apparatus is not as simple. In these systems the hydrogen pressure in the reactor is kept constant by changing the volume of the system as the gas is consumed. This can be accomplished manually by raising a leveling bulb filled with a liquid and attached to the bottom of a gas burette by a flexible tube. Automation of such systems has been achieved by the use of a motor-driven device to raise the bulb with the motor being regulated by 

A more general system involves filling a reservoir tank with hydrogen to a pressure higher than that used in the reactor. Hydrogen is then fed into the reactor through a pressure regulator so the pressure in the reactor is held constant. The gas consumption is measured by the pressure drop of the reservoir. 

Catalyst agitation in the reactor can by accomplished by stirring, shaking or any other means. The reaction can be run at atmospheric pressure as well as sub-atmospheric or elevated pressures as well. The only criteria to meet for the higher pressure reactions is the need to use a reactor and pressure transducer compatible with the elevated pressures and to have the pressure of the gas before the regulator, 7, higher than the reaction pressure. The reactor vessels shown in Fig. 6.6 are particularly suited for use at low pressures with this apparatus. 

Autotime computer controlled cycle is selected, the analysis is stopped when the throughput rate decreases to a set value. Test times vary from 5 to 15 min depending on the analysis required [35]. 

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Y. Z. Tsypkin, Adaption and Learning in Automatic Systems, Academic Press, NY, 1971... 

The quality QAP also includes operator identification, inspection statistics of the different parts and a "unicode" function enabling automatic system setup for previously inspected and inventoried parts. 

In the case of shear waves probes, we can do nothing else but using a steel blocks with holes at different depths (see figure 4a). The automatic system is described further. 

The use of the surface ultrasonic waves seems to be convenient for these purposes. However, this method has not found wide practical application. Peculiarities of excitation, propagation and registration of surface waves created before these time great difficulties for their application in automatic systems of duality testing. It is connected with the fact that the surface waves are weakened by soil on the surface itself In addition, the methods of testing by the surface waves do not yield to automation due to the difficulties of creation of the acoustic contact. In particular, a flow of contact liquid out of the zone of an acoustic line, presence of immersion liquid, availability of chink interval leads to the adsorption and reflection of waves on tlie front meniscus of a contact layer. The liquid for the acoustic contact must be located only in the places of contact, otherwise the influence on the amplitude will be uncontrolled. This phenomenon distorts the results of testing procedure. 

In recent years, the automatic regulation of processes has steadily gained a foothold ia the brewiag iadustry. The aim has beea to produce beer with a better and more even quahty and at lower costs. Today, with new equipment and experience ia automatioa within the process iadustry, it is possible to build an advanced automatic system for the brewiag iadustry. Many factors influence the level of automation needed, and judgment must be used to decide what is best for optimum profit. 

Both individual components and small prepackaged systems are usually available from the many general distributors as are manual systems. Some manual systems are purchased in conjunction with automatic systems. Some of the larger distributors also custom design small automatic systems using standard components. 

Prevention of arson Control access at all times Screen employees and casual labour Lock away flammable substances and keep combustibles away from doors, windows, fences Provide regular fire safety patrols, even where automatic systems are provided Secure particularly storage and unmanned areas... 

A board-mounted low pressure alarm, set at a positive pressure, and a remote control valve operator, so that repressuring gas can be admitted from the control center, should the automatic system fail to function. 

Humans control all chemical and nuclear processes, and to some extent all accidents result from human error, if not directly in the accident then in the process design and in the process inadequate design to prevent human error. Some automatic systems such used in nuclear power reactors because the response time required is too short for human decisions. Even in these, human error can contribute to failure by inhibiting the systems. 

In automatic systems the filler sets the quantity to be filled on a meter, which closes a valve when this required quantity has been delivered. Overfilling has occurred because the wrong quantity was set on the meter, because there was already some liquid in the tank (left over from the previous load), and because the filling equipment failed. For these reasons many companies now fit their tank trucks with high-level trips, which automatically close a valve in the filling line [8]. 

Figure 14-3. An automatic system, which will take a minute or so to operate.

With automatic systems the worker is required to monitor and, if necessary, take over control. However, manual skills deteriorate when they are not used. 

When used as an input to design, HTA allows functional objectives to be specified at the higher levels of the analysis prior to final decisions being made about the hardware. This is important when allocating functions between personnel and automatic systems. 

Implementation of the recommendations of this study (see next section) would improve the response of both manual and automatic blowdown. The automatic blowdown would be quicker and more reliable than manual blowdown. However, this advantage would be a matter of a few minutes only, and any automatic system will inevitably cause spurious blowdowns. 

Automatic systems These require no direct contact between the user and the device reading the code. They provide a high degree of convenience in use. 

The third and most automatic system is the conductivity-controlled blowdown. This constantly measures the level of solids in the water and instigates an automatic variable blowdown on a continuous or intermittent basis. 

Lubrication plays a vital role in the operation of industrial plant. For example, in a heavy rolling mill the lubrication system, though mostly out of sight in the oil cellar, may have a capacity of many thousands of gallons and exceed in bulk the mill itself. Lubrication systems of this size and complexity are usually fully automatic, with many interlocks and other safety features. Even with the smallest machines, automatic lubrication is becoming more popular. Where an automatic system would be impracticable or... 

On some machines both hand-operated and electrically timed one-shot systems may be in use, the manual system being reserved for those components needing infrequent attention (once a day, for example) while the automatic systems feeds those parts that require lubrication at relatively brief intervals. 

A complete range of instrumentation is available from portable units to automatic systems utilising many probes. Transmitter units are available which can be located at the probe and transmit ER data into the 4-20 mA standard instrument signal. Radio linkage from transmitter to control room or nearby offshore platform is available commercially. A satellite link has been used to monitor offshore platform ER probes at the onshore base in a Norwegian oilfield. 

Electronic expansion valves are nowwidelyused on small automatic systems, mainly as the refrigerant flow control de vice (evaporating or condensing) in an integrated control circuit. 

Detectors have been discussed in Chapter 2 and x-ray spectrographs in Chapter 4. Actually, these are only components of what may be called the spectrograph system. Figure 9-1 is a block diagram of a modern x-ray spectrograph system intended for the determination of one element at a time in an analytical laboratory not primarily concerned with routine work. This system may be regarded as a point of departure for thef design of automatic systems. 

Hard, M., Krupka, I., Poliscuk, R., and Liska, M., An Automatic System for Real-Time Evaluation of EHD Film Thickness and Shape Based on the Colorimetric Interferometry," STLE Trihol. Trans., Vol. 42, No. 2,1999, pp. 303-309. 

The methodology selected for the laboratory of Neonatology needs to have as its prime objective, accuracy, that Is spec-ificity for what it is analyzing, this automatically eliminates many of the commercial automatic systems which are In common use, and which do not process the specimen adequately to remove interfering substances before analysis. The methodology discussed below is selected as being applicable to the type of specimen that is supplied to the analyst in the laboratory of Neonatology. 

It would be desirable to Include an automatic system for ash removal, (such as vigorous flushing of the sample cavity with a jet of Inert gas) ... 

Not all the nutrients required during fermentation are initially provided in the culture medium. Some are sterilized separately by batch or continuous sterilization and then added whilst the fermentation is in progress, usually via automatic systems that allow a preset programme of continuous or discrete aseptic additions. 

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