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The formation bulk density (p ) can be read directly from the density log (see Figure 5.51) and the matrix density (p J and fluid density (p,) found in tables, assuming we have already identified lithology and fluid content from other measurements. The equation can be rearranged for porosity ((])) as follows ... 

With T as the independent variable, the transition between glassy and rubbery behavior can be read directly at Tg. Note that Tg is about 100° lower for poly(methyl acrylate) than for poly(methyl methacrylate). 

The Rockwed testing machine is thus a framework permitting stable support of the workpiece on one side and means to impress the indenter under specified load on the other. A dial indicator attached to the indenter spindle is used to read directly the depth of indentation in hardness numbers. 

International Rubber Hardness. The International mbber hardness test (ASTM D1415) (2) for elastomers is similar to the Rockwell test ia that the measured property is the difference ia penetration of a standard steel ball between minor and major loads. The viscoelastic properties of elastomers require that a load appHcation time, usually 30 seconds, be a part of the test procedure. The hardness number is read directly on a scale of 0 to 100 upon return to the minor load. International mbber hardness numbers are often considered equivalent to Durometer hardness numbers but differences ia iadenters, loads, and test time preclude such a relationship. 

More objective laboratory methods employ a mechanical device such as a Terg-O-Tometer (110). Food soils are appHed to microscope sHdes or glass tape rather than to actual plates. The soils are tagged with fluorescent materials or with dark pigment to faciUtate measurement of residual soil. Reflectance or transmittance may also be read directly (111). 

The values of k and can be read directly from Chart A by entering with the characteristic h computed from the formulas given above. Nomenclature is as foUo ... 

When flanges are attached to one or both ends, the values of k and shall be corrected by the factors Ci, which can be read directly from Chart B, entering with the computed h. 

Solution. Read directly from Fig. 12-2 (Fig. 12-6 shows the solution diagram mati cally). 

Figure (14-5) is a plot of Eq. (14-23) from which the value of Nog can be read directly as a function of mGM/LM and the ratio of concentrations. This plot and Eq. (14-23) are equivalent to the use of a logarithmic mean of terminal driving forces, but they are more convenient because one does not need to compute the exit-liquor concentration X. ... 

From 160°C to room temperature. The lead-rich phase becomes unstable when the phase boundary at 160°C is crossed. It breaks down into two solid phases, with compositions given by the ends of the tie line through point 4. On further cooling the composition of the two solid phases changes as shown by the arrows each dissolves less of the other. A phase reaction takes place. The proportion of each phase is given by the lever rule. The compositions of each are read directly from the diagram (the ends of the tie lines). 

Step 3. Refer to Figure 4-7 and select an efficiency at a pressure ratio of 3 and a volume ratio, r of 2.44. The adiabatic efficiency is 74%. Now, from Figure 4-5, select a value of efficiency ratio using the tip speed ratio just calculated. Because the value is. 99+, round off to an even 1.0. With a multiplier of 1.0, the final adiabatic efficiency is the value read directly off the curve or T a = 74. The molecular weight correction for efficiency, per rule of thumb, is 0.6 for a final efficiency of 73.4. 

While this permits more sensitive and accurate reading of concentrations in the 0-to-10% range, this type of instrument is not sufficiently sensitive to give precise indications of concentrations at the TLV of many toxic gases and vapors. In addition, they lack specificity, do not read directly in TLV units (ppm), and are subject to interferences. All combustible gas and vapor indicators are calibrated by the manufacturer using one specific gas or vapor such as methane, and a calibration curve is provided, in percent LEL, for the calibration gas only. 

Sand Content. The sand content in mud is determined using a 200-mesh sieve screen 2 in. in diameter, a funnel to fit the screen, and a glass measuring tube. The measuring tube is marked for the volume of mud to be added to read directly the volume percent of sand on the bottom of the tube. 

It is simpler and quicker to measure a suspect s breath alcohol concentration (BrAc). This can be converted to BAC by multiplying by 2100 one volume of blood contains about 2100 times as much alcohol as the same volume of breath. In practice, this calculation is done automatically in the instrument used to measure BrAc it reads directly the BAC of 0.05%. 0.08%. or whatever. 

The scales of spectrophotometers are often calibrated to read directly in absorbances, and frequently also in percentage transmittance. It may be mentioned that for colorimetric measurements I0 is usually understood as the intensity of the light transmitted by the pure solvent, or the intensity of the light entering the solution /, is the intensity of the light emerging from the solution, or transmitted by the solution. It will be noted that ... 

Rockwell hardness Sheets or plaques at least 0.25 in. thick are used. This thickness may be built up of thinner pieces, if necessary. A steel ball under a minor load is applied to the surface of the specimen. This indents the specimen slightly and assures good contact. The gauge is then set at zero. Basically the major (higher) load is applied for 15 seconds and removed, leaving the minor load still applied. The indentation remaining after 15 seconds is read directly off the testing equipment dial. 

Solution Plotting E vs. log[Mg2+] gives a straight line the magnesium concentration (2.6 x 10-4m) corresponding to the 125 mV reading can be read directly from the axis. 

We can determine an approximate value of the pH of an aqueous solution very quickly with a strip of universal indicator paper, which turns different colors at different pH values. More precise measurements are made with a pH meter (Fig. 10.11). This instrument consists of a voltmeter connected to two electrodes that dip into the solution. The difference in electrical potential between the electrodes is proportional to the hydronium ion activity (as will be explained in Section 12.10) so, once the scale on the meter has been calibrated, the pH can be read directly. 

When the manufacturer has provided RS-232 output, data can be read directly through a serial port. 

The most widely used method for determining multiplicities of carbon atoms is DEPT (Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer). This has generally replaced the classical method of recording off-resonance C spectra with reduced CH couplings from which the multiplicity could be read directly. 

The refiractive index (1-3000 to 1-7000) may be read directly on a scale with accuracy of about 0 - 0002. 

Tn addition to the error due to the exposed stem, ordinary chemical thermometers of low cost are subject to errors due to irregularities in the bore and sometimes the scale graduations may not be very accurate. " It is therefore essential to check the thermometer at several temperatures against the melting points of pure solids or the boiling points of pure liquids as described below. The application of an exposed stem correction will of course be unnecessary if the thermometer is calibrated in this way. A calibration curve may then be drawn upon graph " paper from the data thus obtained. Temperatures at intervals of about 20° are marked as abscissae and the corrections to be added or subtracted as ordinates the points thus obtained are then connected by a smooth curve. The thermometer correction at any temperature may be read directly from the curve. 

Using this conversion factor, the standard 118-phenyldihydrotriazole curve may be replotted, if desired, to read directly in micrograms of Compound 118. In that case the calculation becomes ... 

For example, to determine the half-life in the preceding example, the Co value and the time at which C = Co/2 were both read directly from the graph. If Fig. 3 had been a plot of In C (on a Cartesian scale) versus time, it would have been necessary to read In Co from the graph, convert it to Co, divide by 2, convert back to In (Co/2), then read the half-life off the graph. If the rate constant is determined for this example using Eq. (12), the slope must be calculated. To calculate the slope of the line it is necessary first to read two concentrations from the graph and then take the logarithm of each concentration as described in Eq. (12). 

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