Common knowledge

For a long time, the wheels were mainly tested with dye penetration. This test procedure can make defects which are open to the surface of the material visible for the tester. It is, however, common knowledge that the test results vary greatly depending on the subjective view of the individual tester. 

Some of the concepts that chemists have introduced for the discussion of chemical reactivity are summarized below. Much of this will be common knowledge to readers that have studied chemistry they can easily skip this section. However, for readers from other scientific disciplines or whose chemical knowledge has become rusty, some fundamental concepts are presented here. 

Properties Fire safety continues to be a major performance requirement. Creep and heat distortion are other important properties to be considered. A major deterrent for the architect and builder is lack of common knowledge about plastics physical properties. 

Productivity is directly related to cycle time. There usually is considerable common knowledge about a geometry and process conditions that will provide a minimum cycle time. Practices such as using thinner wall sections, cold or hot runners for TPs or hot or cold ones for TSs narrow sprues and runners, the optimal size and location of coolant (or heat) channels, and lower melt or mold heat, will decrease the solidification time reducing the cycle time. 

At least since the mid-19th century, it has never been claimed that molecular nitrogen is completely unreactive with organic reagents. It was, however, known that many reactions that cannot be carried out in air because of reactions with oxygen, can be performed in a so-called inert atmosphere consisting of either a noble gas or — more cheaply — N2. This is common knowledge to the experimental chemist. 

Coming back to the mechanism of dediazoniation, mechnism B in Scheme 9-2 is consistent with all experimental data known in 1973. Mechanism B was, indeed, mentioned in that paper (Zollinger, 1973 a) as an explanation, but not proposed as the explanation because it violated the common knowledge mentioned above. If that reverse reaction of the phenyl cation is faster than the forward reaction with water or metal halides, the rate is dependent on the concentrations of compounds involved only in the second step of the mechanism, even if that step is much faster than the first (forward) step. 

Nowadays it is common knowledge that in all electrophilic substitutions it is the most acidic equilibrium form of the eletrophilic reagent and the most basic form of... 

Many investigators have studied the in vivo degradation kinetics of lactide/glycolide materials (5,35-39). There has been some confusion in the interpretation of results primarily because of lack of consistency in nomenclature and careful attention in describing the specific stereoisomers evaluated. Nevertheless, the overall degradation kinetics are fairly well established for the entire family of homopolymers and copolymers. At the present, this common knowledge of the in vivo lifetimes of various lactide/glycolide polymers is a primary reason for their popularity. 

In the past decade, general interest and research activities focusing on anthocyanins have considerably increased. This increased interest is not only based on the common knowledge that these water-soluble pigments can be used as possible alternatives to artificial food colorants, but also it relates to their bioactive properties. When search-... 

It is common knowledge that, in the case of the hydrogen molecule studied in a minimal basis set, the correlation error can be explained by the existence of ionic species in the hydrogen dissociation products ... 

Much worse than the oscillator strength is the line shape. The calculated absorption spectra has no similarity with what is experimentally seen. The calculated half-width is always smaller, typically by a factor of 2 the exact reasons for this are only speculated. It is common knowledge that a photodetachment process is capable of giving a very broad absorption spectrum, but a satisfactory method has not been developed to adopt this with the bound-bound transition of the semicontinuum models. Higher excited states (3p, 4p, etc.) have been proposed for the solvated electron, but they have never been identified in the absorption spectrum. 

It is a matter of common knowledge in Germany that I. G. Farben is financing Hitler. There seems to be no doubt whatever that at least Dr. Schmitz is personally a large contributor to the Nazi Party. 

Q. Wasn t it common knowledge among the inmates that those inmates no longer able to work were being sent to Birkenau to be gassed ... 

We reach the conclusion that common knowledge of Hitler s plans did not prevail in Germany, either with respect to a general plan to wage aggressive war, or. . . specific plans to attack individual countries, beginning with die invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939. 

It is common knowledge that people behave differendy when they know they are being watched. We act differendy when we know someone is looking we act differendy when we think someone else might be looking. In these situations, we are less likely to be ourselves instead, we will act the way we think we should act when we are being (- V observed by others. 

One important criterion for determining whether an association is causative is whether it is biologically plausible. Although a justification of the biological plausibility of each of our observed associations is beyond the scope of this report, it is rather common knowledge that abundant evidence from other studies confirms the plausibility of a causative link between meat use and coronary disease (22). However, this study is the first major observational study to clearly show this relationship among U.S. subjects. The associations between meat and diabetes are certainly plausible, but there is considerably less evidence from other experimental or observational studies to substantiate such a relationship. 

The debate might have ended here had Naturwissenschaften not have published a condensation of Meyer s Zeitschrift fuer Angewandte Chemie paper (28). Staudinger, then wrote in the former publication (32), "An article by K. H. Meyer. .. is a condensation of a previous article. The opinions in these publications about the structure of high molecular weight compounds are presented in a manner I have advocated for years in many publications and speeches. I welcome that the author shares the opinions. . . since no reference was made to my work, I have to assume that K. H. Meyer believes this is common knowledge."... 

Even before the impotency of lithium preparations became common knowledge, though, there were physicians who voiced doubts, sometimes tongue-in-cheek. A 1895 parody--"Twinkle, Twinkle, Garrod Spa"--for instance, begged the lithium water to "Allay my fears, relieve my pains By clearing crystals from my veins."... 

However, acid-catalyzed isomerization attracts more attention, probably due to its connection with the recent intensive development of carbenium ion chemistry. It is common knowledge that effective methods for stabilization of reactive carbocations have been known since 1962 while base-catalyzed processes with the participation of carbanions were developed more than 100 years ago. 

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