Pressure Control Test Procedure

The purpose is to demonstrate the capability of the system to control pressure levels within the specified limits. 

It is the responsibility of validation team members to follow the procedures. The quality assurance (QA) manager is responsible for SOP compliance. 

Pressure differentials should be above 0.02 in. at the primary environments when stress conditions occur. 

The system will not be acceptable if, at any time during normal dynamic, static, or stress conditions, the pressure in the primary environments becomes less than zero or negative. 

Equipment calibrated on Next calibration due on Room no./location/area  

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When constmction is complete, the pipeline must be tested for leaks and strength before being put into service industry code specifies the test procedures. Water is the test fluid of choice for natural gas pipelines, and hydrostatic testing is often carried out beyond the yield strength in order to reHeve secondary stresses added during constmction or to ensure that all defects are found. Industry code limits on the hoop stress control the test pressures, which are also limited by location classification based on population. Hoop stress is calculated from the formula, S = PD/2t, where S is the hoop stress in kPa (psig) P is the internal pressure in kPa (psig), and D and T are the outside pipe diameter and nominal wall thickness, respectively, in mm (in.). 

The test procedure can be performed by pumping HPLC grade water at a specified flow rate under a controlled back-pressure, using a commercial back-pressure device connected in-line just after the pump. A f 000 psi back-pressure device is recommended. It is also advised that about f % MeOH be added to the water in order to minimize biological growth. While timing the process with a calibrated stop watch, the pump effluent should then be collected in a volumetric flask. From this, one can calculate the actual solvent flow at each flow rate. 

Two oedometer tests following the same wetting under load path were performed on identical samples, using different techniques. A special oedometer cell was designed and built in order to perform the tests. The cell may handle two suction control techniques vapour equilibration and liquid water transfer. In the second case an axis translation procedure may be introduced by nneans of gas and water pressure controls on the upper and... 

Ritter et al. have synthesized a variety of (meth)acrylamides in good yields from (meth)acrylic acid and aliphatic and aromatic amines under solvent-free microwave irradiation conditions [14]. It was found that addition of a polymerization initiator (AIBN) to the reaction mixture led directly to poly(meth)acrylamides in a single step. In these polymerization procedures, 11.6 mmol methacrylic acid was mixed with 11.6 mmol amine and 0.58 mmol AIBN in a pressure-resistant test tube. The tubes were sealed and irradiated in a single-mode microwave reactor for 30 min at 140 W (Scheme 14.4). The experiments were performed without temperature control and were not compared with conventional conditions. 

The demand for higher quality has produced pressures to make laboratory accreditation commonplace, and as more laboratories reach this status it must be expected that reproducibility will improve. The calibration of test machines, training, documentation of test procedures, sample control, and formal audits all have an enormous influence, and the discipline involved in maintaining an accredited status helps to minimize mistakes and maintain reproducibility. International agreements undoubtedly widen the scope of accreditation schemes and ensure uniform levels of accreditation. This is found to have an influence on the standard of laboratories with a consequent improxement in interlaboratory comparisons. 

HEPA filter performance for the removal of radioactive particulate matter in the ventilation system hot exhaust is ensured by means of administratively controlled TSR surveillance activities. HEPA filters are subject to periodic pressure drop testing to verity operability (i.e., to verify that the filters are not plugged). They are also subject to periodic efficiency testing to verify the required level of particulate matter removal efficiency. HEPA filters are to be replaced, In accordance with operating procedures, when they become plugged or when the required efficiency can no longer be achieved. 

Regardless of which apparatus is used, the mechanics of the testing procedures are similar. First, headers are attached to the front and back face of the core to provide a flow path. The headers are designed to allow the removal of the gelled polymer solution with brine after treatment to ensure that gel does not plug the flow lines. Then, the core sample is placed in a rubber sleeve or coated with epoxy. Finally, the core assembly is placed in a vessel that provides temperature control and confining pressure. 

A bypassing capability within the mechanical systems exists only for pilot valves of the pressurizer safety valves. Keys are used to block the pilot valve during the test or for isolation of a leaking valve. The usage of the keys is controlled by the test procedure and by the containment access administrative procedure. 

The advantages of locating the high pressure alarm nozzle (PAH) and the pressure controller (PRC) on their own dedicated %-inch connections is that each device can be individually isolated, tested, and its nozzle cleared by the outside operator without interfering with the function of the relief valve. I have discussed these procedures in detail in my book. Troubleshooting Process Plant Control (Wiley, 2009). 

The effective shear strength can be tested in the laboratory by means of different test procedures such as a the direct shear test, simple shear test and the triaxial test. Normally testing is performed on saturated material. For every test setup, a clear distinction must be made between testing the material under drained or undrained conditions. From this point of view triaxial tests, type CU (Consolidated Undrained) or CD (Consohdated Drained) allow for a better control of the drainage conditions and porewater pressures than for instance shear box tests. For further elaboration on these types of tests, reference is made to textbooks on Soil Mechanics and laboratory testing (Head, 2006). 

Before and after each test, measurements were made of the tank liquid level (with a movable thermocouple probe) and of the pressure in the pressurizing-gas manifold. These were the only measurements made outside the control center. The general procedure for testingwas as follows the tank was pressurized to the desired level by manual operation of the ullage pressure control valve liquid transfer was initiated approximately 1 to 9 min after the tank was pressurized the tank pressure during the hold and transfer periods was maintained constant. 

Utility systems such as water for injection (WFl). clean steam, clean-in-placc (CIP) solutions and sterile process air must be similarly proven. Also the building system itself has to be validated. Many bioprocess operations which contain potentially hazardous materials are operated in closely-controlled negative pressure enclosures with filtration of exhaust ventilating air. Sterile and particularly parenteral products arc processed in clean rooms which are maintained at positive pressure with filtered incoming air. Validation of building control systems and of personnel changing facilities and systems of work are necessary to meet CMP requirements. Manuals for formal test procedures are required to validate these activities. 

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