Reagents and Chemicals

A complete list of the quantities of the materials and reagents needed for each experiment per student is available in mimeographed form and can be obtained by writing to the publisher for the Instructor s Supplement. The materials have been estimated for each part of every experiment per student for both macro and semimicro, so that the instructor will be able to select those parts of each experiment which best fit his needs. The Instructor s Supplement also lists the liquid and solid reagents and their preparation. The special reagents and solutions are listed below. 

Benedict s reagent. Dissolve 17.3 g of finely powdered copper sulfate in 100 ml of hot water. Cool and dilute to 150 ml. Dissolve separately 173 g of sodium citrate and 100 g of pure anhydrous sodium carbonate in 600 ml of water. Heat to effect solution cool then add the copper sulfate solution and dilute to 1000 ml. 

Fehling s solution. Solution (I). Dissolve 69.2 g of copper sulfate (CuS04 5 H2O) in water and dilute it to a liter. Solution (II). Dissolve 346 g of Rochelle salts (KNaC4H406-4 H2O) and 250 g of sodium hydroxide in water and dilute to a liter. 

5-DinitrobenzoyI chloride. Place in an eight-inch tube 2 g of 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid and 4 g of phosphorus pentachloride. Heat in the hood with a small smoky flame for five minutes. In the beginning the tube is heated to start the reaction and thereupon the flame is removed until the reaction has subsided. Then the flame is adjusted so that the vapors condense at about the middle of the tube. Allow to cool for one minute and pour carefully into a small evaporating dish. Cool and transfer the sohd to a paper drying disc or to several filter-paper circles. Press with the spatula so as to force the phosphorus oxychloride into the absorbent medium. After ten minutes transfer the crude 3,5-dinitrobenzoyl chloride into a small bottle or tube. The crude material is satisfactory for the preparation of derivatives of the lower hydroxy compounds. 

Millon s reagent. Place 20 g of mercury in a beaker under a well-ventilated hood. Add 30 ml of concentrated nitric acid. When the reaction is complete, add 65 ml of water. It is best to make the solution in small amounts. 

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Boar semen was kindly supplied by ROMSUIN Peris. All other chemicals and reagents were of the highest quality commercially available. 

Fine chemicals. Chemicals produced in relatively small quantities and in a relatively pure state such as pharmaceuticals, perfumes, photographic chemicals, and reagent chemicals. 

All chemicals should be of the highest purity available or HPLC grade. The following chemicals and reagents are required ... 

The change in volume as well as weight of the test piece after immersion, with respect to time, is recorded. The test chemicals and reagents used in immersion test and the nature of attacks are as given in the table below ... 

The general plan outlined in the first volume of the series has been followed in the subsequent publications but it has been found advisable to include preparations which are carried out on a somewhat reduced scale, since the carefully described directions have found application not merely in the semicommercial preparation of needed research chemicals and reagents but also in the instruction of graduate students entering the organic field. However, it is the experience of the editors that the reduction of preparations described on a large scale is usually less difficult than the reverse procedure. 

A chemical and reagent inventory module that manages the purchase and use of laboratory supplies, keeps track of lot number purchases, shelf lives, and costs. 

The QAU must perform routine internal audits to assure that the laboratory facilities are in compliance. Internal audits should include calibration procedures and records, chemical and reagent labeling and expiration dating, and laboratory record keeping and data handling. 

All chemicals and reagents should be labeled. Deterioration of labels on reagent bottles or containers is a common occurrence, and more so on old reagent containers. If the reagent or the container has not deteriorated, the container should be relabeled if its identity is certain. However, if a reagent container label has disappeared or become illegible and the chemical is not known, it should be discarded. The method for proper disposal can usually be determined by simple laboratory tests. 

Listings of chemicals such as incompatible chemicals potentially explosive chemicals and reagent combinations water-reactive chemicals pyrophoric chemicals and peroxide-forming chemicals, including time limits on retention after opening the original container. 

As many abbreviations are used in this book, a separate list of abbreviations has been added, see front and back endpapers. Concerning abbreviations for chemicals and reagents we adhered to the Standard List of Abbreviations , published in J. Org. Chem., Vol. 68, No. 1, 1998, p. 19A. 

Biosensors are being increasingly used as detectors in FIA systems [284,285, 322, 379, 476]. The drawbacks of biosensors as direct in situ sensors, namely their low dynamic range, their lack of ability to survive sterilization, their limited lifetime, etc. are no longer valid ex situ because the analyzer interfaces the biosensor which can be changed at any time and FIA can provide samples in optimal dilution. The need for chemicals and reagents can be drastically reduced when employing biosensors, specifically when the entire system is miniaturized [48]. 

All chemicals and reagents used in this work were ACS reagent grade, all volumetric glassware was class-A, and all beakers, bottles, and volumetric glassware were washed with aqua regia and rinsed with deionized, double-distilled water before use. 

Special reagents. With the exception of sulphur tetrafluoride, obtained from E. I. duPont de Nemours and Co., Wilmington, Delaware, and anhydrous hydrogen fluoride, from Mattheson Co., Inc., Newark, the chemicals and reagents used have been the same as in Part II. 

MATERIALS. All chemicals and reagents were either reagent or HPLC grade. o-Bromo-2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorotoluene was purchased from Aldrich Chemical Co., Milwaukee, WI. 13-cis and all trans retinoic acid were obtained from Quality Control, Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Nutley, NJ. [11,12-3H]-al1 trans retinoic acid, [10,11- C]-13-cis retinoic acid and 13-cis tetradeuterated retinoic acid were obtained from Dr. A. Liebman, Department of Isotope Synthesis, Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Nutley, NJ. 

Most emulsion polymerization is based on free-radical reactions, involving monomers (e.g., styrene, butadiene, vinyl acetate, vinyl chloride, methacrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, acrylic acid, etc.), surfactant (sodium dodecyl diphenyloxide disulfonate), initiator (potassium persulfate), water (18.2MQ/cm), and other chemicals and reagents such as sodium hydrogen carbonate, toluene, eluent solution, sodium chloride, and sodium hydroxide. 

Unless indicated all chemicals and reagents (cell culture grade) were obtained from Sigma Chemical Co., Milan, Italy. 

Chemicals and reagents. DBP-NH2 and DBPM were synthesized in our laboratory as described previously.1 Bis[2-(3,6,9-trioxadecyloxycarbonyl)-4-nitrophenyl] oxalate (TDPO) was obtained from Wako (Osaka, Japan). Acetonitrile (HPLC grade) was from Kan to Chemical (Tokyo, Japan). Water was distilled and passed through a Pure Line WL21P system (Yamato, Tokyo). 

This connection system [20] ensures that chemicals come in contact with only silicon and Teflon . Chemicals and reagents were applied with disposable syringes... 

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