Hazards associated with

CAL 133. California Technical Bulletin 133 is a test of the fire hazard associated with upholstered furniture (22). The test is carried out by igniting a standard fire source directiy on the piece of furniture being tested. In the most recent version of the test, the fire source is a gas flame. Smoke, heat, and toxic gas emissions are measured dufing the test. A related test, BS 5852, uses various wooden cribs as the fire source (23). 

Iodine pentafluoride is an easily storable Hquid source of fluorine having Httie of the hazards associated with other fluorine sources. It is used as a selective fluorinating agent for organic compounds. For example, it adds iodine and fluorine to tetrafluoroethylene in a commercial process to produce a usefiil telomer (124). 

Lipoproteins may denature on heating and if present during pasteurization can result in the formation of haze or turbidity in the final product. This material was removed traditionally by filtration through asbestos (qv) sheets (6) however, health hazards associated with asbestos have led to its replacement by alternative filter materials (23,37,193). These media have been less effective than asbestos and further measures have been required to ensure the visual clarity of albumin products, eg, further filtration developments for Hpid removal (194), preferential denaturation of contaminants using in-process heat treatment, and anion-exchange chromatography (49). 

The hazards associated with any faciUty which produces or uses chemicals can be quite numerous, perhaps ia the hundreds or thousands for larger facihties. These hazards are the result of the physical properties of the materials, the operating conditions, the procedures, or the design, to name a few. Most of the hazards are continually present ia a faciUty. 

The purpose of hazard analysis and risk assessment ia the chemical process industry is to (/) characterize the hazards associated with a chemical facihty (2) determine how these hazards can result in an accident, and (J) determine the risk, ie, the probabiUty and the consequence of these hazards. The complete procedure is shown in Figure 1 (see also Industrial hygiene Plant safety). 

The Dow Fine and Explosion Index is a useful method for obtaining an estimate of the relative fine and explosion hazards associated with flammable and combustible chemicals. However, the technique is very procedure oriented, and there is the danger of the user becoming more involved with the procedure than the intent. 

Hazard and Operability Analysis. The hazard and operabihty analysis (HAZOP) procedure is quite popular because of its ease of use, the abihty to organize and stmcture the information, minimal dependence on the experience of the analysts, and the high level of results. Furthermore, the approach is capable of finding hazards associated with the operation of a faciUty, hence the incorporation of the word operabihty in the name. 

Each type of metallic coating process has some sort of hazard, whether it is thermal energy, the reactivity of molten salt or metal baths, particulates in the air from spray processes, poisonous gases from pack cementation and diffusion, or electrical hazards associated with arc spray or ion implantation. 

The hazards associated with handling pigments is contained ia the MSDS mandated by an OSHA Hazards Communication Standard (28) which also requires labeling and employee information and training. 

Handling of Amines. Regulations governing the safe handling and shipping of amines in interstate commerce are given in U.S. Department of Transportation pubHcations (71). Specific information on the safe handling and hazards associated with a particular amine can be found in the Material Safety Data Sheet for that material. For further information on the safety of industrial material see also references 72 and 73. 

The use of nuclear power has been a topic of debate for many years. Nuclear fuel represents a resource for generating energy weU into the future, whereas economically recoverable fossil fuel reserves may become depleted. Worker exposure, injuries, and fataHties in nuclear fuel mining are reportedly far less compared to those associated with recovery and handling of fossil fuels. Potential hazards associated with transporting and storing radioactive wastes do exist, however. 

Polyisobutylene and isobutylene—isoprene copolymers are considered to have no chronic hazard associated with exposure under normal industrial use. Some grades can be used in chewing-gum base, and are regulated by the PDA in 21 CPR 172.615. Vulcanized products prepared from butyl mbber or halogenated butyl mbber contain small amounts of toxic materials as a result of the particular vulcanization chemistry. Although many vulcanizates are inert, eg, zinc oxide cured chlorobutyl is used extensively in pharmaceutical stoppers, specific recommendations should be sought from suppHers. 

The electrochemical process industries are confronted with a wide range of hazards. These include electrical hazards, various explosion hazards, and the hazards associated with exposure to reactive chemicals. 

Toxicology. The toxicity of ethyl ether is low and its greatest hazards in industry are fire and explosion. The vapor is absorbed almost instandy from the lungs and very prompdy from the intestinal tract. It undergoes no chemical change in the body. Prevention and control of health hazards associated with the handling of ethyl ether depend primarily on prevention of exposure to toxic atmospheric concentrations and scmpulous precautions to prevent explosion and fire. 

Past experience has shown that cryogenic fluids can be used safelv in industrial environments as well as in typical laboratories provided all facihties are properly designed and maintained, and personnel handling these fluids are adequately trained and supeiwised. There are many hazards associated with ciyogenic fluids. However, the principal... 

Toxicity is the ability to cause biological injuiy. Toxicity is a property of all materials, even salt, sugar, and water. It is related to dose and the degree of hazard associated with a material. The amount of a dose is both time and duration dependent. Dose is a function of exposure (concentration) and duration and is sometimes expressed as dose = (concentration) X duration, where n can vaiy from 1 to 4. 

Toxicity is related to dose and degree of hazard associated with a material. Dose is time- and duration-dependent, in that dose is a function of exposure (concentration) times duration. 

Safer Storage Conditions The hazards associated with storage facihties can often be reduced significantly by changing storage con(i-tions. The primary objective is to reduce the driving force available to transport the hazardous material into the atmosphere in case of a leak (Hendershot, 1988). Some methods to accomplish this follow. 

Atmospheric storage tanks are normally used for liquid materials that are below their boiling point at ambient conditions. Hazards associated with... 

Review process steps and hazards associated with process with operators before start of campaign... 

Process Hazard Analysis (PHA) A structured procedure whereby hazards associated with a process are identified and evaluated. 

A detailed description of the hazards associated with the raw materials / component products (including MSDSs)... 

The toller needs to be familiar with all raw materials, intermediate materials, products and wastes, used, produced or generated, respectively, while operating the process. Tollers in the U.S. should comply with the Federal OSHA Hazard Communication Standard, codified as 29 CFR. 1910.1200 and any similar state right-to-know laws that are currently in force or may be enacted during the term of the contract. This is often stated in the contract. The contract may require the toller to inform its employees of the chemical hazards associated with products or chemicals and may also be responsible for training its employees in the proper handling methods. The toller has an obligation when in doubt about a product or chemical, to seek further information from the product s manufacturer. 

---