Reliability test

An inherently safer control system design will, where possible, include options for on-line reliability tests and inspections. Within digital devices, this is done using watch-dog timers to assure the signals are processed. 

An inherently safer system should have inspection and reliability testing of safety critical systems and practices (CCPS, 1993c). 

Reliability prediction - a technique for establishing product characteristics where the reliability targets cannot be measured without testing many hundreds of products over many thousands of hours. (On long production runs of low value items, reliability testing is possible but with one-off systems of high value it is not cost effective hence reliability has to be predicted using statistical techniques.)... 

Thus, a linear plot of log 2 against log ki for a reaction series implies an isokinetic relationship for the series. The reason that this plot is a reliable test for such a relationship is that the errors in and 2 are independent (unlike the errors in A// and AS ). From the slope b of the straight line the isokinetic temperature p can be found ... 

Some investigations have been inspired by another special circumstance concerning the structure of the fundamental heteroaromatic rings like the parent aromatic homocyclic hydrocarbons, these structures are readily amenable to theoretical treatment by the approximation methods of quantum mechanics. Quantitative studies are clearly desirable in this connection for a reliable test of the theory and, indeed, they have been utilized to this end. ... 

Intergranular corrosion of Fe-Ni-Cr alloys has been the subject of a comprehensive review by Cowan and Tedmon who summarised the various tests used for determining susceptibility (Table 19.3). Of these tests. Nos. 1-5, which are regarded as reliable test procedures by the ASTM, have been incorporated into ASTM A262 1986 Recommended Practice for Detecting Susceptibility to Intergranular Attack in Stainless Steel as follows ... 

Such definitions imply that there is a reliable test for rancidity, but this is not the case. The difficulties are centered about the fact that in the final analysis, rancidity must be detected through organoleptic observation, which is subject to all the weaknesses inherent in a test involving personal judgment. As was pointed out in a recent discussion (S), these weaknesses include variabilities in the taste and odor sensitivities of persons in the same or different laboratories, their previous taste experiences, the prevailing condi-... 

Lawton, R., "MEMS Characterization Using Scanning Laser Vibrometer, Reliability, Testing, and Characterization of MEMS/MOEMS II, R. Ramesham and D. M. Tanner, Eds., Proceedings ofSPIE, Vol. 4980,2003, pp. 51-62. 

A reactive waste is one that readily explodes or undergoes violent reactions. Common examples are discarded munitions or explosives. In many cases, there is no reliable test method to evaluate a... 

So far, no systematic work has been done on the use of recyclable, solid-phase catalysts in cross-coupling reactions. Most of the examples have been obtained for cross-couplings with either arylboronic acids or terminal acetylenes. It should be noted, however, that due care should be exercised when interpreting results on the cross-coupling of arylboronic acids with aryl iodides, as this extremely facile reaction can be catalyzed by practically any palladium-containing material, including trivial Pd black,481 e.g., as a sediment on the reaction vessel. Therefore, this reaction cannot serve as a reliable test for comparison between different catalytic systems. 

Licari, J. J. 2003. Coating Materials for Electronic Applications Polymers, Processes, Reliability, Testing. Noyes Publications, William Andrew Publishing, New York. 

Schellinck, H.M., Forestell, C.A. and LoLordo, V. M. (2001) A simple and reliable test of olfactory learning and memory in mice. Chemical Senses 26, 663-672. 

Fabrication of the prototype is an important step in product development. It demonstrates that the various components can indeed be physically integrated to form the final product with the desired functionalities. Consider a UV sensor. While its functionality depends on the physical response of a certain nanomaterial in the presence of UV light, an electric circuit and a display system are required for a functional consumer product. The availability of a prototype is essential in test marketing, safety tests, reliability tests and so on. However, the development of consumer-oriented products often involves a considerable amount of trial-and-error, which can lead to costly delays in product launching [10]. 

BP (1932) put forward a more reliable test for nitrate based upon the oxidation of indigocarmine to colourless substances by the action of traces of nitrates in presence of hot and fairly concentrated sulphuric acid, and the reaction may be expressed as follows ... 

An especially important aspect of our protocol is the collection and analysis of data over different time spans. 18 This is done using the same number of channels to collect about the same number of photons, but with different channel delays. Typically, data on four time spans, 0 to 16-20 ns, 0 to 35 10 ns, 0 to 65-80 ns, and 0 to 120-130 ns, are collected and analyzed. In our experience, the. constancy of the best-fit model parameters with variation in time span is the most sensitive and reliable test for the shape of the model function. 

There is no clear correlation between the chemical shift or the ir absorption frequency and the length and linearity of the hydrogen bonds in the protonated diamines. The most reliable test for the nature of the potential function appears to be the sign of the isotope effect on the chemical shift of the hydrogen-bonded proton. 

Although we can measure the amount of chloroform in the air that you breathe out, and in blood, urine, and body tissues, we have no reliable test to determine how much chloroform you have been exposed to or whether you will experience any harmful health effects. The measurement of chloroform in body fluids and tissues may help to determine if you have come into contact with large amounts of chloroform. However, these tests are useful only a short time after you are exposed to chloroform because it leaves the body quickly. Because it is a breakdown product of other chemicals (chlorinated hydrocarbons), chloroform in your body might also indicate that you have come into contact with those other chemicals. Therefore, small amounts of chloroform in the body may indicate exposure to these other chemicals and may not indicate low chloroform levels in the environment. From blood tests to determine the amount of liver enzymes, we can tell whether the liver has been damaged, but we cannot tell whether the liver damage was caused by chloroform. 

Oscar Bing, George Aghajanian and I then put our heads together and decided to design a more reliable test of LSD s inhalation effectiveness. We also wanted to ascertain whether different chemical forms of LSD were equally potent. A third objective was to compare the effects of two doses given two weeks apart. 

The principles of GLP ensure the generation of high quality and reliable test data related to the safety of industrial chemicals, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, food and feed additives, cosmetics, veterinary drags as well as food additives, in the framework of harmonizing testing procedures for the mutual acceptance of data. 

References ranges and sources of error The trends in data or individual abnormal values are only interpretable if the reference values are known and the test is reliable. Reference ranges usually refer to the mean value and two standard deviations on either side of the mean. Thus 95% of a sample population who are free of disease will fall inside this range, with 2.5% above and 2.5% below. The sponsor should know the source of subjects who provide this normal range, and most laboratories periodically update their ranges of reference values to reflect the population they serve. Reliability indicates that the test is consistent over time and a reliable test correlates highly with successive measures. 

Du Pont s medical diagnostics and pharmaceutical businesses are underpinned by substantial basic research in molecular biology and biochemistry. For example, Du Pont recently announced an improved, more reliable test for detection of antibodies to the virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. In another program the protein interleukin-2 produced in Du Pont s laboratories by recombinant DNA methods is being used in some very promising cancer research. 

If applicable, it is advantageous to execute a highly reliable test that is frequently performed by users on the particular type of instrument for the PQ. For example, the PQ test for a gradient HPLC system can be a gradient HPLC method with which the user has in-depth experience. In this case, the test results will mainly reflect the performance of the instrument and will not be affected by the uncertainty of the method used. 

Precision mass and volumetric methods use very precise measurements of pressure and/or level in the tank to detect leaks. The tank must be closed so that no liquid enters or leaves the tank. The threshold of detection and funnel required to perform a reliable test become greater as tank size increases. 

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