Electrical test procedures

SAE J227, Electric Vehicle Test Procedure," SME Recommended Practices, SAE, New York, Mar. 1971. 

Test procedure for, evaluation of system of insulating materials for random wound a.c. electrical machines. 

Philosophy of quality systems Testing of electrical machines Procedure for testing Load test No-load test Tolerances in test results Certification of motors used in hazardous locations... 

Test Procedure for Polyphase Induction Motors and Generators, IEEE-112, The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., New York, NY. 

Soil resistivity The role of soil in the electrical circuitry of corrosion is now apparent. Thus the conductivity of the soil represents an important parameter. Soil resistivity has probably been more widely used than any other test procedure. Opinions of experts vary somewhat as to the actual values in terms of ohm centimetres which relate to metal-loss rates. The extended study of the US Bureau of Standards presents a mass of data with soil-resistivity values given. A weakness of the resistivity procedure is that it neither indicates variations in aeration and pH of the soil, nor microbial activity in terms of coating deterioration or corrosion under anaerobic conditions. Furthermore, as shown by Costanzo rainfall fluctuations markedly affect readings. Despite its short comings, however, this procedure represents a valuable survey method. Scott points out the value of multiple data and the statistical nature of the resistivity readings as related to corrosion rates (see also Chapter 10). 

The electrical stress required to puncture a sample of a material of known thickness usually expressed in kilovolts per mm of thickness. The standard BS EN 60243-1 gives details of the test procedure. 

To test the irritancy potential of substances, two tests which can reliably distinguish between skin corrosives and noncorrosives are endorsed by the European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM). The testing procedures are based on the transcutaneous electrical resistance (TER) measurements of rat skin and on a human skin model. Both test systems [141-145] will be briefly outlined below. Nevertheless, these tests are not suited for the group of mild irritants which do not induce an acute effect on the barrier function. For those substances, new markers need to be evaluated. First results are available for heat shock protein 27 where higher levels were observed in skin models after exposure to mildly irritating chemicals [146, 147]. 

Samples for a variety of physical, electrical, and chemical testing can be prepared by simple compression in a platen press, and thoughtful adaptation of standard test procedures allows valid... 

In the electrical field the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) performs the same function as ISO. The work of this body is of interest where rubbers are used in electrical insulation, etc. As regards electrical test methods for rubber, ISO and BSI have tended to adapt the basic procedures and principles standardised by IEC or to rely on the IEC standards. 

Details are given for the press and mould construction and for the vulcanisation procedure. The most important parameters are the time and temperature of moulding and ISO 2393 specifies close limits, 0.5°C, on the latter. ISO 2393 requires only that the mould is loaded and unloaded as quickly as possible but the mouldings are to be cooled in water, or on metal plates if intended for electrical tests, on removal. One has to assume that cure time is derived from curemeter measurements. 

Chapter 4 describes how the electrical nature of corrosion reactions allows the interface to be modeled as an electrical circuit, as well as how this electrical circuit can be used to obtain information on corrosion rates. Chapter 5 focuses on how to characterize flow and how to include its effects in the test procedure. Chapter 6 describes the origins of the observed distributions in space and time of the reaction rate. Chapter 7 describes the applications of electrochemical measurements to predictive corrosion models, emphasizing their use in the long-term prediction of corrosion behavior of metallic packages for high-level nuclear waste. Chapter 8 outlines the electrochemical methods that have been applied to develop and test the effectiveness of surface treatments for metals and alloys. The final chapter gives experimental procedures that can be used to illustrate the principles described. 

Electrical apparatus for coal mines, type firedamp-proof, are constructed, built and tested according to the same philosophy as for zone 1 apparatus. Therefore, most of the IEC and European Standards describe constructional requirements and testing procedures for zone 1 apparatus and firedamp-proof apparatus in parallel. 

Procedure. It is advisable to cany out a test of the electrical heating procedure in advance of the actual runs. This will also provide a chance to check on the heating-coil resistance under actual operating conditions (i.e., when the coil is hot). Place roughly... 

Historically, the chemical selection process has been performed on a bench-top scale. Bottle tests (including ratio, elimination, and confirmation test), jar tests, and portable electric desalter tests fall into this test category. No effort will be made to describe these tests or the associated analytical procedures in detail, as they are described in Chapters 3 and 10. Furthermore, significant variation in testing procedures will exist between various chemical companies, oil producers, and refiners. Each test procedure is also tailored to each treating facility. 

Bench-top testing will allow variation in chemical type and dosage, temperature, pressure, agitation, treatment time, electrical input (portable electric desalters only), and wash-water or diluent addition. Variations in temperature and pressure will not allow simulation of high pressures and temperatures. The bench-scale tests imply that a batch treatment of the emulsion is used to determine treating chemicals for a dynamic continuous treating system. Thus, results will have limitations even if the parameters of the test procedure are as accurate as possible. 

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