Cycle driving

Tables 5.29 and 5.30 show an example of the effects of hydrotreated diesel fuels on a diesel passenger car already having a low level of pollution owing to technical modifications such as sophisticated injection and optimized combustion. In the standard European driving cycle (ECE + EUDC), between...

Ecole Nationale Superieure du Petrole et des Moteurs Formation Industrie end point (or FBP - final boiling point) electrostatic precipitation ethyl tertiary butyl ether European Union extra-urban driving cycle volume fraction distilled at 70-100-180-210°C Fachausschuss Mineralol-und-Brennstoff-Normung fluid catalytic cracking Food and Drug Administration front end octane number fluorescent indicator adsorption flame ionization detector... 

Fuel economy, typically expressed as distance driven per volume of fuel consumed, ie, ia km/L (mi/gal), is measured over two driving cycles specified by the Federal Test Procedure (63). Oae cycle simulates city driving and consists of relatively low speed (- 32 km/h) driving, and iacludes a portion where the car starts after having equiUbrated at ambient conditions for 16 hours. The second simulates highway driving conditions and iacludes higher speeds and... 

Calculations that are repeatedly made can be made more accurately, and at lower cost, by using a computer. If, for example, automotive emissions are continually tested over a standardized driving cycle, a computer program to analyze the data is a necessity. Otherwise, days would be spent calculating the data obtained in hours. 

The key sources of evaporative emissions during drive cycles are running loss emissions, hot soak emissions, and diurnal emissions. 

Design concerns for drive cycle emission control include canister volume requirements, purge volume effects, and the use of return vs. retumless fuel systems. 

Summary ol Hybrid Vehicle Fuel Economy Results on the FUDS and Highway Driving Cycles using Various Engines and a Fuel Cell (1) mpg diesel fuel for diesel engine and mpg gasoline equivalent for fuel cell powered vehicles... 

Fig. 1. Federal emission test driving cycle for 1972 and later model cars. (Federal Register, November 10, 1970).

NAFTA n.a. NEA NEDC NG NGC NGL NGPL NMVOC NOC NUTS North American Free Trade Agreement Not available Nuclear Energy Agency New European Driving Cycle Natural gas Natural gas from coal Natural-gas liquids Natural gas plant liquids Non-methane volatile organic carbons National Oil Company Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics... 

For road transport, fuel cells are the most efficient conversion devices for using hydrogen. For the average drive cycle, which is dominated by a power demand that is only a fraction of the maximum available power, hybrid fuel cell systems offer a clear advantage over internal combustion engines, hybridized or not, when energy use, CO2 emissions and non-greenhouse pollutants are considered. 

The stability of electrocatalysts for PEMFCs is increasingly a key topic as commercial applications become nearer. The DoE has set challenging near-term durability targets for fuel cell technology (automotive 5,000 h by 2010 stationary 40,000 h by 2011) and has detailed the contribution of the (cathode) catalyst to these. In particular, for automotive systems as well as steady-state stability, activity after simulated drive cycles and start-stop transients has been considered. In practice, both these treatments have been found to lead to severe degradation of the standard state-of-the-art Pt/C catalyst, as detailed next. 

The stack level in situ testing in simulated driving cycle conditions for 2,000 h indicated that the plates had good comparable performance with machined graphite plates. 

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