Test Equipment and Procedures

Detailed reviews of such test procedures are given by Bemrose and Bridgwater (1987) and the British Material Handling Board (1987). The present subsection is restricted to a short discussion of those tests that are relevant for fluidized beds or pneumatic conveying lines. 

Fluidized Bed Tests. These tests have direct relevance to all applications where particles are subjected to conditions of fluidization. Some authors believe that these tests can also to some extent simulate the stress of pneumatic transport. Coppingeretal. (1992) found at least a good correlation with the attrition resistance in dense-phase pneumatic conveying when they tested various powders in a slugging fluidized bed. 

These difficulties are avoided in Gwyn s (1969) design (Fig. 3). Here, the attrition products are not kept inside the system but it is rather assumed that they are elutriated. In the enlarged diameter top section, gravity separation defines the limiting diameter of the elutriable particles. The attrition rate is assumed to be given by the elutriation rate. The steady-state elutriation rate can, therefore, be used as a friability index. 

Both devices described above were developed in order to test the friability of fluid-cracking catalysts. Nowadays the application of these or similar tests is a common procedure in the development of fluidized bed catalysts. Contractor et al. (1989), for example, used a submerged-jet test to compare the attrition resistance of newly developed VPO catalysts. In fact, such tests can be applied to any type of fluidized bed processes. Sometimes they have to be slightly modified to adapt them to the process under consideration. The drilled plate may, for example, be substituted by 

Pneumatic Conveying Tests. In contrast to fluidized bed tests, no standard equipment exists that simulates the stress on particles in pneumatic conveying lines. There is no friability test quoted in the pertinent literature that is based on a specific pneumatic conveying system. 

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Test equipment and procedures as per Ref. 23. Test equipment and procedures as per Ref. 24. Value given is minimum. 

In order to develop the proper dow pattern, knowledge of a material s dow properties is essential. Standard test equipment and procedures for evaluating sohds dow properties are available (6). Direct shear tests, mn to measure a material s friction and cohesive properties, allow determination of hopper wall angles for mass dow and the opening size required to prevent arching. Other devices available to evaluate sohds dowabiUty include biaxial and rotary shear testers. 

The first key factor, energy, is involved in the production of any chemical. Design of a safe process requires an understanding of the inherent energy (exothermic release/endothermic absorption) during chemical reactions. This information can come from the literature, from thermochemical calculations, or from proper use of testing equipment and procedures. The potential pressure that may be developed in the process is also a very important design consideration. 

The selection and use of testing equipment and procedures, and particularly the interpretation of the results, requires competent people. Some major companies have their own testing facilities, but there are a number of testing houses and consultancies available that you could use. 

Testing equipment and procedures, planning a job, proper ventilation, and ongoing testing. 

Testing equipment and procedures. Most compounders employ a variety of testing tools to control and monitor their manufacturing processes, as well as their R D programs, and for trouble-shooting problems encountered in the field. A list of such equipment follows. 

Methods of Gaging Liquid Oxygen (4) 443 Test Equipment and Procedures Used in the Development of Liquid Oxygen-Hydrogen Rocket Engines (5) 62 A Volumetric Flowmeter for Liquid Oxygen (5) 299... 

These changes can be measured using simple testing equipment and procedures described in ASTM methods (eg, tensile strength, impact resistance, color development, oxidative induction time, oven aging). 

Furthermore, it should be noted that a system s material loss is also affected by the efficiency and the cut size of the gas/solids separation unit. Differences in this type of system must be taken into account when different authors works are compared, or when a test result is scaled-up to a full-scale process. Section 4.3, which contains a description of the various test equipment and procedures, will deal with this matter in more detail. 

These types of data are normally generated at the designer s facility with in-house-developed test equipment and procedures. 

State-of-the-Art and Standards Ex Situ Test Equipment and Procedures In Situ Test Equipment and Procedures... 

The lubricants had been qualified under MIL-T-5542 on the basis of the gaseous oxygen bomb surge pressure oxidization test. Several conferences of major missile contractors were conducted by the Ramo-Wooldridge Corporation from which two conclusions emerged. First, standards for a compatibility tester and for a recommended military specification were established. Second, it was agreed that the standard test equipment and procedure thus evolved could be applied to materials other than lubricants. 

TEST EQUIPMENT AND PROCEDURES USED IN THE DEVELOP-MENT OF LIQUID OXYGEN-HYDROGEN ROCKET ENGINES... 

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