Standards, ASTM

ASTM have developed a wide range of standards covering all aspects of adhesives and bonding technology. Tests conducted to ASTM methods are widely quoted by adhesive manufacturers and in research, design and development studies (property data to a stated specification). Those standards listed here have been selected for their relevance to structural bonding applications. For a comprehensive list of ASTM standards, refer to  

ASTM C 0297 Flatwise Tensile Strength of Metal-to-Honeycomb Core Bonds. 

ASTM C 557-73 (1985) Specification for Adhesives for Fastening Gypsum Wallboard to Wood Framing. 

ASTM D 0229 Test Method for Shear Strength and Shear Modulus of Structural Adhesives. Note Napkin Ring style test piece. 

ASTM D 816-82 (1988) Test Methods for Testing Rubber Cements. 

In the USA, the ASTM publishes standards relevant to structural adhesives (Table 7.3). 

D896-97 Standard test method for resistance of adhesive bonds to chemical reagents 

D897-01 Standard test method for tensile properties of adhesive bonds 

D903-98 Standard test method for peel or stripping strength of adhesive bonds 

D1002-01 Standard test method for apparent shear strength of singlelap-joint adhesively bonded metal specimens by tension loading (metal-to-metal) 

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ASTM, Standard guide for Computed Tomography (CT) Imaging, 1995... 

Standard Practice for Electromagnetic Examination of Ferromagnetic Steel Wire Rope, ASTM Standard E 1571-94. 

The last ASTM Standard E94 which classified Industrial Radiography films was published in 1984. Since that time inspection contracts in the U. S. and worldwide have continued to specify Type 1 and Type 2 films which no longer existed. Film manufacturers continued to classify their film using the same nomenclature. 

Accuracy tolerances for volumetric flasks at 20°C are given by ASTM standard E288. 

The most extensive body of tests are provided under the auspices of ASTM Standard methods. Specific ASTM test designations and descriptions are available (48). The other compendium of fire-retardant tests are contained ia Federal Test Method Standards 191A (49). 

Eluorspar assay may be completed by fluoride determination alone, because the mineralogical grouping rarely iacludes fluorine minerals other than fluorite. Calcium can be determined as oxalate or by ion-selective electrodes (67). SiUca can be determined ia the residue from solution ia perchloric acid—boric acid mixture by measuriag the loss ia weight on Aiming off with hydrofluoric acid. Another method for determining siUca ia fluorspar is the ASTM Standard Test Method E463-72. 

Fracture mechanics is now quite weU estabHshed for metals, and a number of ASTM standards have been defined (4—6). For other materials, standardization efforts are underway (7,8). The techniques and procedures are being adapted from the metals Hterature. The concepts are appHcable to any material, provided the stmcture of the material can be treated as a continuum relative to the size-scale of the primary crack. There are many textbooks on the subject covering the appHcation of fracture mechanics to metals, polymers, and composites (9—15) (see Composite materials). 

ASTM E647-93, "Measurement of Fatigue Crack Growth Rates," Annual Book of ASTM Standards, ASTM Puhhcations, Philadelphia, 1993. 

ASTM E23-93, "Notched Bar Impact Testing of MetaUic Materials," Annual Book of ASTM Standards, ASTM Puhhcations, Philadelphia, 1993. ASTM D256-92, "Impact Resistance of Plastics and Electrical Materials," Annual Book of ASTM Standards, ASTM Puhhcations, Philadelphia, 1993. A. N. Atiuri and T. Nishioka, Int. / fract. 27, 245 (1985). 

Analysis of refined germanium products is done in a wide variety of ways, including several methods that have become ASTM standards (47). Electronic-grade Ge02 is analyzed using an emission spectrograph to determine its spectrographic purity. Its volatile content is measured in accord with ASTM F5 and its bulk density with F6. Other ASTM standards cover the preparation of a metal biHet from a sample of the oxide (F27), and the determination of the conductivity type (F42) and resistivity (F43) of the biHet. 

Determined by revised ASTM standard number of standard not yet assigned. 

Standard Terminology of Glass and Glass Products, ASTM Standards 1993, ASTM C162-92, Vol. 15.02, pp. 29—40.H. A. Davies, Phys. Chem. Glasses 17(5), 159 (1976). 

In addition, the following ASTM Standard Specifications are for the Nb—lOHf—ITi—IZr alloy known commercially as C103 B652-92 Niobium—Hafnium AHoy Ingots B654-92 Niobium—Hafnium AHoy Foil, Sheet, Strip, and Plate B655-92 Niobium—Hafnium AHoy Bar, Rod, and Wine. 

Table 1. Hardness Tests Described by ASTM Standards...

Brinell. The first rehable indentation hardness test was developed by BrineU in 1900 and used ball bearings to make indentations in steel (1). The technique has remained rehable and essentially unchanged for nearly 100 years. The test, described by ASTM Standard ElO (2), is stiU in use. 

Table 4. ASTM Standards Related to Hardness Testing ...

Standard Practicefor Determining the Minimum Thickness and Type of Glass Kequired to Tesist a Specified Toad, ASTM Standard E1300-89. 

Public andprivate standards also may be distinguished. PubHc standards iaclude those produced by government bodies and those pubHshed by other organizations but promoted for general use, eg, the ASTM standards. Private standards are issued by a private company for its own interests and generally are not available to parties other than its vendors, customers, and subcontractors. 

The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) 1916 Race Street Philadelphia, Pa. 19103 The ASTM MnnualBook ofMSTM Standards contains all up-to-date formally approved (ca 9000) ASTM standard specifications, test methods, classifications, definitions, practices, and related materials, eg, proposals. These are arranged in 15 sections plus an index volume as follows. 

M. Jenkins, ASTM Standard. News, 50 (July 1993) ISO 9000, International Standardsfor Quality Management, 5th ed., ISO, Geneva, Switzerland, 1994. 

Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 6 Paints and Related Coatings, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pa. 

ASTM Standards, American Society of Testing Materials, Philadelphia, Pa. 

The hberated iodine, as the complex triiodide ion, may be titrated with standard thiosulfate solution. A general iodometric assay method for organic peroxides has been pubUshed (253). Some peroxyesters may be determined by ferric ion-catalyzed iodometric analysis or by cupric ion catalysis. The latter has become an ASTM Standard procedure (254). Other reducing agents are ferrous, titanous, chromous, staimous, and arsenite ions triphenylphosphine diphenyl sulfide and triphenjiarsine (255,256). 

ASTM Standard E 1228—88, "Standard Test Method for Peroxy Esters-Catalyzed lodometric Procedure," in Ref. 253. 

ASTM Standard D 3278-89, "Plash Point of Liquids by Setaflash Closed-Cup Apparatus," ASTM, Philadelphia, Pa., 1989. 

Testing of phthalocyanines includes crystallization (qv), flocculation, and appHcation in paints, plastics (qv), and printing inks (1). The ASTM standard specifications include CuPc in dry powder form for various appHcations (153). The specifications cover color (qv), character or tint, oil absorption, reactions in identification tests, and dispersions and storage stabiUty. Quantitative deterrninations are possible with ceric sulfate (30) or sodium vanadate (154). Identification methods are given (155), including tests for different appHcations. 

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