Special Designs

Procedure 6-4 Design of Vessels with Refractory Linings.406 

Procedure 6-1 Design of Large-Diameter Nozzie Dpenings [1] 

There are three methods for calculating the strength of reinforcement required for openings in pressure vessels  

This issue was addressed in 1979 by McBride and Jacobs. The principle was to calculate stresses in two distinct areas, membrane and bending. Membrane stresses are based on pressure area times metal area. Bending is based on AISC beam formulas. The neck-and-shell section (and sometimes the flange as well) is assumed as bent on the hard axis. This is not a beam-on-elastic-foundation calculation. It is more of a brute-force approach. 

This procedure was eventually adopted by the Code and incorporated. Unfortunately, it turned out that the procedure, while good for most cases, was not good for 

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Realization of the USCT method for restoring of SD of PMF of material in thick-sheet products with plane parallel surfaces under the unilateral access required special designs of US blocks, in which taken into account particularities of the NDTO, of the method and of the... 

Cryogenics We use several types of evacuated stainless steel cryostats of about 1 htre capacity to provide the 77 K cooling with hquid nitrogen. The simplest, best valued and easiest to handle one is a ordinary thermos flask available from the supermarket (see fig.3). It is sufficient for a measurement period of more than 12 hours. A specially designed stainless steel vessel gains cooling periods of 30 hours. 

An advantage of the use of ceramics over the use of glass as an insulator in X-ray tubes is the larger freedom in design due to better stability and more reliable quality of the ceramics. Therefore, typical markets for metal-ceramic tubes are applications where only a relatively low amount of tubes, but in special designs, are used. 

The system is controlled from a standard PC using the Windows 95 operation system. In the on-line mode, a specially designed processor board is used to sfteed up the processing of data and to offload the PC. 

The modules form the building blocks that are assembled together with special designed mechanical components to realise the required scanner. The modules are approved according to the relevant European direetives, thus reducing tlie time, work and cost needed for approving the final scanner system. 

In set-up 2 the leading edge can be scanned by means of a special designed Y-module that allow the probe to follow the complex geometry of the leading edge from the root to the tip of the rotor blade. In figure 4 set-up 2 is illustrated. 

When the scanning of the adhesive bonded joint between the shells on the leading edge is complete, the rotor blade is rotated 180° and another special designed Y-module is applied for inspection of the trailing edge of the rotor blade in set-up 3, illustrated on figure 5. 

Measurement of the conductivity can be carried out to high precision with specially designed cells. In practice, tiiese cells are calibrated by first measuring the conductance of an accurately known standard, and then introducing the sample under study. Conductances are usually measured at about 1 kHz AC rather than with DC voltages in order to avoid complications arismg from electrolysis at anode and cathode [8]. 

The Unscrambler family om CAMO is specially designed by chemometridans. However, this package is also applicable in a wide range of engineering tasks. http // rww.caino.no/p2j.uf. itm... 

It has already been pointed out that a liquid even when subjected to simple atmospheric distillation may become superheated and then bump violently in consequence this danger is greatly increased during distillation under reduced pressure and therefore a specially designed flask, known as a Claisen flask, is used to decrease the risk of superheating. In Fig. i2(a) a Claisen flask D is shown, fitted up as part of one of the simplest types of vacuum-distillation apparatus. ... 

Reflux Distillation Unit. The apparatus shown in Fig. 38 is a specially designed distillation-unit that can be used for boiling liquids under reflux, followed by distillation. The unit consists of a vertical water-condenser A, the top of which is fused to the side-arm condenser B. The flask C is attached by a cork to A. This apparatus is particularly suitable for the hydrolysis of esters (p. 99) and anilides (p. 109), on a small scale. For example an ester is heated under reflux with sodium hydroxide solution while water is passed through the vertical condenser water is then run out of the vertical condenser and passed through the inclined condenser. The rate of heating is increased and any volatile product will then distil over. 

It should be emphasized at this point that the basic requirements of compatibility and consistency of finite elements used in the discretization of the domain in a field problem cannot be arbitrarily violated. Therefore, application of the previously described classes of computational grids requires systematic data transfomiation procedures across interfaces involving discontinuity or overlapping. For example, by the use of specially designed mortar elements necessary communication between incompatible sections of a finite element grid can be established (Maday et ah, 1989). 

In a thermogravimetric analysis, the sample is placed in a small weighing boat attached to one arm of a specially designed electromagnetic balance and placed inside an electric furnace. The temperature of the electric furnace is slowly increased at a fixed rate of a few degrees per minute, and the sample s weight is monitored. 

The Aromax process was developed in the early 1970s by Toray Industries, Inc. in Japan (95—98). The adsorption column consists of a horizontal series of independent chambers containing fixed beds of adsorbent. Instead of a rotary valve, a sequence of specially designed on—off valves under computer control is used to move inlet and withdrawal ports around the bed. Adsorption is carried out in the Hquid phase at 140°C, 785—980 kPA, and 5—13 L/h. PX yields per pass is reported to exceed 90% with a typical purity of 99.5%. The first Aromax unit was installed at Toray s Kawasaki plant in March 1973. In 1994, IFP introduced the Eluxyl adsorption process (59,99). The proprietary adsorbent used is designated SPX 3000. Individual on-off valves controlled by a microprocessor are used. Raman spectroscopy to used to measure concentration profiles in the column. A 10,000 t/yr demonstration plant was started and successfully operated at Chevron s Pascagoula plant from 1995—96. IFP has Hcensed two hybrid units. 

A twin-screw extmder is used to reduce residual monomers from ca 50 to 0.6%, at 170°C and 3 kPa with a residence time of 2 min (94). In another design, a heated casing encloses the vented devolatilization chamber, which encloses a rotating shaft with specially designed blades (99,100). These continuously regenerate a large surface area to faciUtate the efficient vaporization of monomers. The devolatilization equipment used for the production of polystyrene and ABS is generally suitable for SAN production. 

Only relatively few compounds can act as primary explosives and still meet the restrictive military and industrial requirements for reflabiUty, ease of manufacture, low cost, compatibiUty, and long-term storage stabiUty under adverse environmental conditions. Most initiator explosives are dense, metaHoorganic compounds. In the United States, the most commonly used explosives for detonators include lead azide, PETN, and HMX. 2,4,6-Triamino-l,3,5-triuitrobenzene (TATB) is also used in electric detonators specially designed for use where stabiUty at elevated temperatures is essential. 

Anhydrous ammonia is moved worldwide ia specially designed vessels, barges, rail cars, and tmcks. AH modes are covered by rigid safety restrictions (8). Ships and barges usuaHy employ refrigeration or semirefrigeration to maintain the Hquid, while rail cars and tmcks normally depend only on pressure... 

In addition to dyeabiHty, polyesters with a high percentage of comonomer to reduce the melting poiat have found use as fusible biader fibers ia nonwoven fabrics (32,34,35). Specially designed copolymers have also been evaluated for flame-retardant PET fibers (36,37). 

The scale-up of filtration centrifuges is usually done on an area basis, based on small-scale tests. Buchner funnel-type tests are not of much value here because the driving force for filtration is not only due to the static head but also due to the centrifugal forces on the Hquid in the cake. A test procedure has been described with a specially designed filter beaker to measure the intrinsic permeabiHty of the cake (7). The best test is, of course, with a small-scale model, using the actual suspension. Many manufacturers offer small laboratory models for such tests. The scale-up is most reHable if the basket diameter does not increase by a factor of more than 2.5 from the small scale. 

In the direct process, NF is produced by the reaction of NH and F2 in the presence of molten ammonium acid fluoride (27). The process uses a specially designed reactor (28). Because H2 is not generated in this process, the ha2ards associated with the reactions between NF and H2 are elirninated. 

The special design of the Latham bowl allows for a specific blood cell separation known as SURGE. This technique makes use of the principle of critical velocity. The Latham bowl is filled until the huffy coat, ie, layer of platelets and white cells, moves in front of the bowl optics. At this point the machine starts to recirculate plasma through the bowl at increasing rates. The smallest particles, ie, platelets, ate the first to leave the bowl. Their high number causes the effluent line to turn foggy. The optical density of the fluid in the effluent line is monitored by the line sensor. A special algorithm then determines when to open and close the appropriate valves, as well as the optimum recirculation rate. 

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