European test procedure

Figure 2 Speed/time trace for the European test procedure (ECE/EUDC). The high-speed extra urban driving cycle (EUDC) was added in 1993.

Average Results Using Three Different Vehicles, European Test Procedure)... 

Concerning the particulates emissions for diesel passenger cars, the proposal is based on the US measurement method, transposed into the European test procedure and intended to be introduced in two stages, first large cars October 1, 1988 for new models and October 1, 1989 for new registrations, followed by medium and small cars from October 1991 for new models and 1993 for new registrations. 

The limit values referred to are based on the current European urban driving cycle, which is considered by the majority of the Member States basically still to be representative of the traffic conditions in European conurbations. The expansion of the European test procedure by adding driving conditions representative of car operation outside built up areas -considered by most of those involved to be desirably in the longer term - is to be decided upon by the end of 1987. 

For private cars with an engine capacity of 1.4 litres and more the directive provides, as an alternative to the European test procedure limited in time, for transposition of the relevant parts of the American certification process - basically the FTP-75 driving cycle. The underlying notion here is that manufacturers with vehicle types meeting the US specifications will first of all have to adapt these to European test conditions before they may, on this basis, apply for type approval, while on the other hand it is desirable for environmental protection purposes to offer such vehicles on the European market in the near future. The limit values are those of the 1983 federal " 49 states") standards, i.e. for CO 2.11g/km, for HC 0.25g/km and for NOx 0.62g/km. These limit values will apply both to type-approval and to control of production conformity according to the American sampling procedure. 

The proposal is based on the presently available though limited knowledge of the performances of the best available diesel technology in the European motor industry as a whole. Furthermore, it takes into account the lack of accuracy and reproductibility which result from the simple transposal, into the European test procedure, of the sampling and analysis method of the current US legislation which is at present the only codified method available. 

A good way to get a feel for the dynamic nature of automotive catalyst operation is to look at a plot of speed versus time during the U.S. Federal Test Procedure (FTP) as shown in Fig. 1. Clearly, steady-state conditions do not exist in this test, which simulates the acceleration and deceleration cycles of urban driving and which is similar to the European test procedure. 

Each car was tested over three driving cycles including the driving cycle of the 1975 Federal Test Procedure (FTP), of the Highway Fuel Economy Test (FET) and of the European Test Procedure (ECE). 

Arresters—Speeifieations, Operational Requirements and Test Procedures. European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, Belgium. 

CEN (Comite Europeean de Normalisation) Std. EN12874. 2001. Flame Arresters-Speeifieations, Operational Requirements and Test Procedures. European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, Belgium. 

A new CEN European standard, EN 12874, was issued in 2001. It will be used by all European nations that belong to the European Union (EU) that are members of the Comite Enropeean de Normalisation (CEN), as well as other non-EU nations that are members of the CEN. It will supersede BS 7224 in England, FEB and BAM in Germany, and standards in use in other European countries. This is a very comprehensive standard covering types of flame arresters not covered in US, Canadian, and other standards. It contains test procedures for the following types of flame arresters ... 

Interest has been expressed in the possibility of using biomarker assays as a part of risk assessment for regulatory purposes, and some workers have suggested tiered testing procedures that follow this approach (see, for example, Handy et al. 2003). It is to be hoped that regulatory schemes, such as that of REACH (see European Union 2003), will be sufficiently flexible to incorporate new assays and testing strategies as the science advances. 

ICH Topic Q6A, Step 4 Note for Guidance Specifications Test procedures and Acceptance Criteria for New Drug Substances and New Drug Products Chemical Substances (CPMP/ICH/367/96 - Adopted Nov. 99) The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products,... 

Wall and Ceiling Linings. Three national test procedures dominate the European market-place for wall and ceiling linings ... 

To test the irritancy potential of substances, two tests which can reliably distinguish between skin corrosives and noncorrosives are endorsed by the European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM). The testing procedures are based on the transcutaneous electrical resistance (TER) measurements of rat skin and on a human skin model. Both test systems [141-145] will be briefly outlined below. Nevertheless, these tests are not suited for the group of mild irritants which do not induce an acute effect on the barrier function. For those substances, new markers need to be evaluated. First results are available for heat shock protein 27 where higher levels were observed in skin models after exposure to mildly irritating chemicals [146, 147]. 

CAL TB 117 Requirements, Test Procedures and Apparatus for Testing the Flame Retardance of Resilient Filling Materials Used in Upholstered Furniture. Bureau of Home Furnishings and Thermal Insulation, Sacramento, CA. EN 13501 Fire Classification of Construction Products and Building Elements - Part 1 - Classification Using Test Data from Reaction-to-Fire Tests. European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, Belgium. 

As a consequence of this state of the art, the need and justification for establishing a conventional method for reproducible inertness testing of refill-bottle materials was identified in our laboratory a few years ago. In our opinion, a practical, cost-efficient and relatively quick standard test procedure which could also be used by surveillance labs was worth development. Within an European project (Castle 1997, Jetten et al. 1999), an investigation was undertaken to elucidate the feasibility of such a quick test method for refillable PET bottles, with respect to evaluating their inertness concerning the uptake and subsequent release of chemicals and sensory-active compounds. Before starting method development, the following considerations were made and... 

Electrical apparatus for coal mines, type firedamp-proof, are constructed, built and tested according to the same philosophy as for zone 1 apparatus. Therefore, most of the IEC and European Standards describe constructional requirements and testing procedures for zone 1 apparatus and firedamp-proof apparatus in parallel. 

The test procedure shall represent the real world operation of slow heat release appliances burning wood and take into account the transient parameters of a batch wise burning combustion process. It shall fulfill typical test laboratory requirements such as reproducibility of the results, laboratory independence, measuring accuracy and simple test procedures. The test procedure shall support the wood appliance industry for their high quality products and should have a good relation of price and performance. The test procedure shall refer as much as possible to existing international (ISO) and European (CEN, Austrian standards) test standards. 

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