Standards Describing Testing Procedures

Figu re 2.33 Procedural test standards (normative references) [281] 

ASTM D6002 Standard Guide for Assessing the Compostabiiity of Environmentally Degradable Plastics 

ASTM D6002 serves as a guideline for assessing the compostabiiity of degradable plastics. The superordinate standard ASTM 6400 repeatedly refers to ASTMD6002, because it provides criteria, methods, and general procedures for the determination of degradability. 

This Australian standard specifies requirements regarding compost quality, soil conditions, and mulch. It is based on the superordinate standards AS 4736 and AS 5810. 

ASTM D883 Standard Terminology Relating to Plastics 

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The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has finalized an International Standard (ISO/DIS 10964 1993) Adhesives Anaerobic Adhesives— Determination of Torque Strength of Anaerobic Adhesives on Threaded Fasteners. This standard describes testing procedures for liquid and preapplied sealants using manual and graphical procedures. 

Design practices stem from standard fire test procedures in which the temperature history of the test furnace is regarded as an index of the destructive potential of a fire. Thus, the practice of describing the expected effects and damage mechanism is based on temperature histories. This standard design practice is convenient but lacks accuracy in terms of structural performance. The severity of a fire should address the expected intensity of the heat flux that will impact the structure and the duration of heat penetration. A simple analysis of the expect nature of an unwanted fire can be based on the heats of combustion and pyrolysis of the principal contents in the facility. The heat of combustion will identify the destructive nature of the fire, while the heat of pyrolysis will identify the severity of the fire within the compartment itself and will also identify the destructive potential of the fire in adjacent spaces. 

Tumbler tests, and more specifically drum tests have been probably most popular and there are at least two British standards describing the procedures, one for testing of coal and coke15 (the MICUM test) and another for iron ore63, with some American standards also available (ASTM D3402, D4058-81 and E278). 

Effectiveness of these EP oils can be evaluated by a number of laboratory test units such as those shown in Figure 4. While the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) procedures describe a number of standard test procedures (10), the operating conditions and test specimen materials should be chosen to simulate as nearly as possible those in an appHcation. 

Performance testing of heat exchangers is described in the American Institute of Chemical Engineers Standard Testing Procedure for Heat Exchangers, Sec. 1. Sensible Heat Transfer in SheU-and-Tube-Type Equipment. ... 

In the following we describe a brief procedure to conduct various tests and measurements and compulation of the lest results according lo lEC 60034-1. (For more details of the testing procedure the reader should refer to the standard.)... 

A test procedure which has proved very useful was first described by Hatfield. The samples are cylinders 32 x 12-5 mm in diameter with a standard abraded finish which are supported on open-ended refractory boats in a tubular furnace. In the original test the atmosphere, which was produced by burning towns gas with a 50% excess of air, was passed over the specimens at a standard velocity after first preheating to test temperature over refractory packing in a separate furnace chamber. More latterly, natural gas has been used with suitable modification of air gas ratio to give... 

Laboratory tests used in the development of inhibitors can be of various types and are often associated with a particular laboratory. Thus, in one case simple test specimens, either alone or as bimetallic couples, are immersed in inhibited solutions in a relatively simple apparatus, as illustrated in Fig. 19.34. Sometimes the test may involve heat transfer, and a simple test arrangement is shown in Fig. 19.35. Tests of these types have been described in the literatureHowever, national standards also exist for this type of test approach. BSl and ASTM documents describe laboratory test procedures and in some cases provide recommended pass or fail criteria (BS 5117 Part 2 Section 2.2 1985 BS 6580 1985 ASTM 01384 1987). Laboratory testing may involve a recirculating rig test in which the intention is to assess the performance of an inhibited coolant in the simulated flow conditions of an engine cooling system. Although test procedures have been developed (BS 5177 Part 2 Section 2.3 1985 ASTM 02570 1985), problems of reproducibility and repeatability exist, and it is difficult to quote numerical pass or fail criteria. 

Being cut from tires, the rubber samples in this work cannot always be studied using standard test procedures. The specific techniques used to measure rubber aging have been described in detail elsewhere and are summarized below [2]. The same techniques have been used to evaluate rubber aging in both field and the laboratory oven-aging studies. For reference. Figure 34.2 shows a diagram of the internal components of a radial-ply tire. 

Standard test for hydrolytic stability. The hydrolytic stability of the chlorinated resins was determined by the following test procedure. An acid digestion autoclave having a volume of 125 ml is charged with 40 ml of resin and 28 ml of deionized water. The bomb is sealed and transferred into an oven, pre-heated to 200 °C. The test is continued for 24 hours. The bomb is removed and cooled to ambient temperature. The liquid is separated from the resin and the chlorine content analyzed while the resin is washed thoroughly and its acid capacity is determined as described in section 5. The test results are shown in Table 2. 

Hydrothermal stability (HTS). The stability of the chlorinated resins was determined by a test procedure described in the experimental. The resin according to the standard test is treated with water in a sealed flask at 200 °C for 24 hours to determine the loss in acid functionality and additionally, the level of chlorine released into the aqueous phase. 

Estimating the amount of a metabolite when an authentic reference standard is not available is still a challenge. Yu et al.191 described a procedure that uses the results of an in vitro metabolite identification based on a test compound that produces 14C-labelled metabolites essentially the 14C-labelled metabolites are used to provide a correction factor for the MS response when assaying samples that contain the same metabolite in a study that did not use the 14C-labelled test compound. Flop192 described another novel approach for metabolite quantitation based on the observation that the MS responses for most compounds are very similar to responses from nanospray ESI. Valaskovic et al.193 also reported equimolar MS responses for multiple compounds when the flow rate to the nanospray ESI source was set to about 10 nl/min. It is too soon to know whether these intriguing findings can be readily applied to discovery metabolite identification studies. 

Toxic characteristics of industrial wastewater in many countries are still assessed using fish [106-108]. The standardized procedure describes testing with different species in different life stages. For ethical reasons, as well as those linked to cost- and time-effectiveness, labor-intensiveness, analytical output, and effluent sample volume requirements, there is unquestionable value in searching for alternative procedures that would ehminate the drawbacks associated with fish testing. Investigators therefore use an in vitro cell system, which can greatly decrease the need for the in vivo hsh model [37]. 

There are standardised test procedures described in the pharmacopoeia (e.g., EP and USP) and in the standards referenced above. These are general test procedures developed and applicable for normal products. Testing products... 

Thin film dosimeters are essentially dyed or undyed plastics films, which, when irradiated, irreversibly change their optical absorbance in proportion to the absorbed dose. They are also referred to as radiachromic films or chips5 (see also Section 9.2.3). To minimize errors due to variation in the film thickness, the dosimeter response is usually expressed as the radiation-induced change in absorbance divided by the dosimeter film thickness. A partial list of currently available EB dosimeters is shown in Table 9.1. The appropriate test procedures are described in several ASTM standards.6... 

The statistical test described above is based on a standard confidence interval procedure related to the Wilcoxon Rank Sum/Mann-Whimey rank test, apphed to the log slopes. References to this confidence interval procedure include ... 

Hardness and Abrasiveness. The abrasiveness of a pigment is not identical to its intrinsic hardness, i.e., the hardness of its primary particles. In practice the Mohs hardness is not therefore a useful indication of the abrasiveness of a pigment. Abrasion rather depends on pigment particle size and shape and is usually caused by the sharp edges of the particles. A standard test procedure for determining abrasiveness does not exist. A method based on the abrasion of steel balls by the pigment is described in [1.12],... 

Furniture calorimeters were developed in the 1980s in several laboratories to obtain this kind of data.70 71 The first furniture calorimeter test standard was published in 1987 in the Nordic countries as NT Fire 032. Furniture calorimeter test standards have been developed by ASTM for chairs, mattresses, and stacked chairs. The corresponding designations are ASTM E 1537, ASTM E 1590, and ASTM E 1822, respectively. The California Bureau of Home Furnishings and Thermal Insulation (CBHFTI) developed California Technical Bulletins (CAL TB) 133 and 603. These documents describe fire test procedures to qualify seating furniture and mattresses, respectively, for use in public occupancies in California. CAL TB 603 has been superseded by the Federal CPSC standard 16 CFR 1633. The primary difference between the various chair and mattress tests is the ignition source. 

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